Logarithmic certificate-less linkable ring signature over lattices and application in electronic voting systems

In 2001, Wand and colleagues published a paper titled “The Butterfly Did It” (see Wand, et al. 2001, cited under Voting System Neutrality) in which they argue that Palm Beach County’s butterfly ballot caused enough errors to decide the 2000 election for George W. Bush. The butterfly ballot also helped launch significant new research initiatives into voting systems and prompted new federal legislation through the Help America Vote Act of 2002, which served to modernize American voting systems. Along with Internet voting, these developments account for most contemporary research on electronic voting systems. Research on electronic voting systems is now at a crossroads. Much of the research following the 2000 election evaluated technology including lever and punch-card machines that are now largely obsolete (Stewart 2011, cited under History and Development of Voting Systems). Current and future research is moving in the direction of issues of security, Internet voting, ballot design, usability, efficiency, and cost of electronic voting systems. All voting systems in the United States today are electronic to a degree. Ansolabehere and Persily 2010 (cited under Empirical and Legal Evaluation of Voting Systems) identifies three discrete parts to voting systems: voter authentication, vote preparation, and vote management. Electronic voting technology can facilitate any of these steps. The term “electronic voting” is polysemous. Electronic voting (or e-voting) variously describes direct-recording electronic voting, electronic vote tabulation, or Internet voting among others. This document defines electronic voting as any voting system that uses electronic technology at any step in the voting process. Fully electronic voting systems use DREs (direct-recording electronic machines), in which ballots are electronically generated, prepared, and counted. Hybrid types of electronic voting are optically scanned ballots (precinct or centrally counted) or ballot mark devices (BMDs), which the voter completes manually and submits but is electronically counted. Electronic voting systems can also include Internet voting in which voters receive, prepare, and submit ballots online. The 2000 presidential election precipitated the most sweeping changes to voting systems, and we continue to see officials adopt new voting systems and Internet voting pilot programs, such as those in Estonia, Canada, Brazil, and Switzerland. Voting systems, particularly Internet voting, are a source of controversy in the United States and abroad. Debates over security and ease of use involve complex technologies and core democratic principles about the rights and responsibilities of citizens. Elections are also, at least in a narrow sense and especially in the United States, zero-sum. Only one person can hold an office, and any change in voting systems that helps one candidate or party necessarily harms the electoral prospects of others. At best, this leads officials to closely scrutinize new voting systems. At worst, it can lead to irreconcilable and unprincipled polarization over questions of voting technology. E-voting involves issues of technology, democratic participation, and electoral politics. This creates a rich environment for research on voting systems.

The paper reveals the prospects of using electronic trust services, in particular electronic signature services, for building voting systems. The advantages of such systems are described, as well as problematic issues related to the implementation of remote voting systems in practice. The most famous existing electronic voting protocols based on classical principles are analyzed. Their shortcomings and difficulties in implementation are highlighted. We present new principles for building an electronic voting system. In particular, the paper proposes a two-level architecture of a decentralized electronic voting system, which consists of a decentralized public key infrastructure that combines trusted certification authorities and a decentralized voting system that integrates the distributed representative offices of an electronic voting agency. Also, an adapted protocol of electronic voting is proposed. Unlike the analyzed protocols, the new approach is based on a decentralized public key infrastructure. The paper shows how, using DLT technology, it is possible to ensure that the necessary requirements for system stability are met without introducing significant redundancy into the interaction protocol of all interested parties. Deploying a decentralized electronic voting system based on a decentralized public key infrastructure allows voters to use existing key pairs. The proposed electronic voting protocol is a modification of the Nurmi-Salom-Santin protocol without the need for special bodies to form voter lists. It also allows preserving the anonymity of voters without the use of blind signatures.

With the progress of society and the improvement of people’s democratic consciousness, voting, as a channel to fully develop democracy, is playing an increasingly important part in many application scenarios. In the era of Internet, electronic voting has replaced the traditional paper voting with the advantages of low cost, high efficiency and few mistakes. The fact that the data of electronic voting system is stored in the central database gives rise to the following problems: the voting data is not open and transparent enough, and it is easy to be tampered with and forged; the users’ private information faces the risk of being leaked; voters can not verify the voting results. Fortunately blockchain technology can make up for the shortcomings of the current voting system, making the voting process open and transparent, preventing fraudulent votes, enhancing the security of voting data and verifying the voting results. The application of blockchain electronic voting system has very important significance and prospects. In this paper, we first introduce the development process of electronic voting system at home and abroad, then introduce the development status of blockchain-based electronic voting system, finally we compare and summarize several typical blockchain-based electronic voting schemes.

A key component of democratic governance in modern countries is the election process. But due to worries about things like polling booth capturing, data manipulation, and vote rigging, a general mistrust in the electoral process has evolved. Because they put election data under the authority of outside organizations, both the traditional and computerized voting systems now in use lack the required transparency. Voters have few options to verify that election administrators will carefully and accurately count their votes due to a lack of openness. To create an electronic voting (e-voting) system that upholds the ideals of fairness and security, it is imperative to take advantage of developing technology, particularly blockchain. When correctly applied, blockchain technology's public distributed ledger holds the potential to make tampering almost impossible. In this regard, our research suggests a decentralized electronic voting system that makes use of blockchain technology as a remedy to deal with the aforementioned issues. Through the elimination of the possibility of centralized election control, this approach seeks to reduce the dangers connected with conventional election procedures and increase voter confidence. The suggested method offers a tamper-proof, transparent, verifiable, economical, and reliable voting process through the distribution of control across several governing and non-governing bodies. This paper examines the development and implementation of such a blockchain-based electronic voting system, shedding insight on how it may enhance the openness and accessibility of democratic elections in contemporary societies.

Online voting is a trend that is gaining momentum in modern society. It has great potential to decrease organizational costs and increase voter turnout. It eliminates the need to print ballot papers or open polling stations—voters can vote from wherever there is an Internet connection. Despite these benefits, online voting solutions are viewed with a great deal of caution because they introduce new threats. A single vulnerability can lead to large-scale manipulations of votes. Electronic voting systems must be legitimate, accurate, safe, and convenient when used for elections. Nonetheless, adoption may be limited by potential problems associated with electronic voting systems. Blockchain technology came into the ground to overcome these issues and offers decentralized nodes for electronic voting and is used to produce electronic voting systems mainly because of their end-to-end verification advantages. This technology is a beautiful replacement for traditional electronic voting solutions with distributed, non-repudiation, and security protection characteristics. The following article gives an overview of electronic voting systems based on blockchain technology. The main goal of this analysis was to examine the current status of blockchain-based voting research and online voting systems and any related difficulties to predict future developments. This study provides a conceptual description of the intended blockchain-based electronic voting application and an introduction to the fundamental structure and characteristics of the blockchain in connection to electronic voting. As a consequence of this study, it was discovered that blockchain systems may help solve some of the issues that now plague election systems. On the other hand, the most often mentioned issues in blockchain applications are privacy protection and transaction speed. For a sustainable blockchain-based electronic voting system, the security of remote participation must be viable, and for scalability, transaction speed must be addressed. Due to these concerns, it was determined that the existing frameworks need to be improved to be utilized in voting systems.

Online voting is a trend that is gaining momentum in modern society. It has great potential to decrease organizational costs and increase voter turnout. It eliminates the need to print ballot papers or open polling stations—voters can vote from wherever there is an Internet connection. Despite these benefits, online voting solutions are viewed with a great deal of caution because they introduce new threats. A single vulnerability can lead to large-scale manipulations of votes. Electronic voting systems must be legitimate, accurate, safe, and convenient when used for elections. Nonetheless, adoption may be limited by potential problems associated with electronic voting sys-tems . Blockchain technology came into the ground to overcome these issues and offers decentralized nodes for electronic voting and is used to produce electronic voting systems mainly because of their end-to-end verification advantages. This technology is a beautiful replacement for traditional electronic voting solutions with distributed, non-repudiation, and security protection characteristics. The following article gives an overview of electronic voting systems based on blockchain technology. The main goal of this analysis was to examine the current status of blockchain-based voting research and online voting systems and any related difficulties to predict future developments. This study provides a conceptual description of the intended blockchain-based electronic voting application and an introduction to the fundamental structure and characteristics of the blockchain in connection to electronic voting. As a consequence of this study, it was discovered that blockchain systems may help solve some of the issues that now plague election system

Recently, information technology has greatly impacted positively in all aspects of life, which actually with proven facts to a large extent, includes politics. The most recent method which is being adopted is the electronic voting (E-voting) system which is based on the use of mobile phone by the voters. To develop more on the electronic voting system, a secured and reliable e-voting system was put in place. This system protects the privacy of the voter, which is user friendly and can be used anywhere in the world with internet coverage during the time of election. A voice interactive voting system using the global system mobile device was developed with implementation of a dual tone multiple frequency (DTMF) decoder which makes the whole system interactive. The method adopted in this research work was the use of a program written in c-language and a microcontroller to control the whole process of voting based on DTMF technology. This method was use to overcome the problem involve in the use of paper ballots. This development came about as a result of the outcome of a study of the electoral process carried out in the electoral commission of Nigeria. Two data-bases would be created by the database administrator; the first is to keep a record of the voter’s information and the second database will have information about the election parties.

The work examines modern approaches to building electronic voting systems, such as blockchain, which promises to revolutionize the process due to its immutability and decen-tralization properties, as well as traditional cryptographic methods, including homomorphic encryption, which allows vote counting without the need to decrypt each individual vote. Blind signatures ensure the ability to confirm a vote without disclosing the user's identity, and zero-knowledge proofs allow voting without interacting with the server. The goal of the work is to select an approach for building electronic voting systems based on a comparative analy-sis of their key characteristics. The solved tasks include reviewing the requirements, general-ized structures, and main procedures of electronic voting systems; analyzing the existing types of electronic voting systems and their comparative characteristics. During the work, existing systems and other literature were thoroughly analyzed. The article provides a de-tailed analysis of the advantages and limitations of these technologies, as well as their suit-ability for different electoral systems, considering important aspects such as scalability, effi-ciency, and protection against potential threats. Throughout the work, a list of requirements for electronic voting systems was compiled, the main procedures present in electronic voting systems were outlined, a set of actors in typical electronic voting systems was defined, and the generalized structures of their main types were presented. A comparative analysis of the types of electronic voting systems based on compliance with the requirements was conducted. An approach was chosen for further system development.

There are many important security properties that electronic voting protocols and systems need to satisfy. They are eligibility, fairness, security, verifiability, coercion resistance and receipt-freeness. Presently, most electronic voting systems fulfill only some of the required properties. Among these properties, receipt-freeness and verifiability properties contradict each other. So, this paper aims to describe a voting protocol that satisfies both properties simultaneously without effecting security. And an electronic voting system is implemented and formally analyzed by using AVISPA tool.

The problems of electronic voting (e-voting) systems are commonly discussed in case of general election. The main problems of e-voting are related with the system security and the user’s anonymity. System security is the problem of cryptographic security, user’s authorization, limited access and protection against frauds. The anonymity is another important issue, because a guarantee that the voters are anonymous is reflected in the reliability of casted votes. Authorization and anonymity seems to be contradictory but it possible to separate both procedures. The problems of polls for teaching quality evaluation are similar. The polls need to be available only for authorized students but they also need to be filled in anonymously. Three solutions of such a problem in remote voting system are discussed in the document.KeywordsElectronic votingsystem authorizationrights managementuser anonymityblind signatures

Advancements in blockchain technology and network technology are bringing in a new era in electronic voting systems. These systems are characterized by enhanced security, efficiency, and accessibility. In this paper, we compose a comparative analysis of blockchain-based electronic voting (e-voting) systems using blockchain technology, cryptographic techniques, counting methods, and security requirements. The core of the analysis involves a detailed examination of blockchain-based electronic voting systems, focusing on the variations in architecture, cryptographic techniques, vote counting methods, and security. We also introduce a novel blockchain-based e-voting system, which integrates advanced methodologies, including the Borda count and Condorcet method, into e-voting systems for improved accuracy and representation in vote tallying. The system’s design features a flexible and amendable blockchain structure, ensuring robustness and security. Practical implementation on a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ demonstrates the system’s feasibility and adaptability in diverse environments. Our study of the evolution of e-voting systems and the incorporation of blockchain technology contributes to the development of secure, transparent, and efficient solutions for modern democratic governance.

Electronic voting (e-voting) systems that are used in public elections need to fulfill a broad range of strong requirements concerning both safety and security. Among those requirements are reliability, robustness, privacy of votes, coercion resistance, and universal verifiability. Bugs in or manipulations of an e-voting system can have considerable influence on society. Therefore, e-voting systems are an obvious target for software verification. This case study proves the preservation of privacy of votes for a basic electronic voting system. Altogether the considered code comprises eight classes and thirteen methods in about 150 lines of code of a rich fragment of Java.

Electronic voting (e-voting) systems that are used in public elections need to fulfil a broad range of strong requirements concerning both safety and security. Among these requirements are reliability, robustness, privacy of votes, coercion resistance and universal verifiability. Bugs in or manipulations of an e-voting system may have considerable influence on the life of the humans living in a country where such a system is used. Hence, e-voting systems are an obvious target for software verification. In this paper, we report on an implementation of such a system in Java and the formal verification of functional properties thereof in the KeY verification system. Even though the actual components are clearly modularized, the challenge lies in the fact that we need to prove a highly nonlocal property: After all voters have cast their votes, the server calculates the correct votes for each candidate w.r.t. the original ballots. This kind of trace property is dificult to prove with static techniques like verification and typically yields a large specification overhead.

Blockchain technology adoption rate is fast growing as seen in cryptocurrency and distributed finance (DiFi) domains. It is also getting lots of attention in many other application areas including electronic voting(e-voting) systems. The electronic voting system is an interesting application use case for blockchain because it helps to solve critical problems within that space- the integrity of voting data, the secrecy of the ballot, and single point of failure. This is because of the characteristics that blockchain technology embodies. One of the challenges, however, is with the scalability of the blockchain network, how the blockchain technology can power the scalability of systems built on it. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to present a Blockchain Implementation Model that tackles scalability concerns for E-Voting System. This model can be adaptable in any national election, specifically, Nigeria’s national elections. The resulting model would present a scalable electronic voting framework by leveraging the security and integrity infrastructures that blockchain technology brings to bear.

The work examines the phenomenon of electronic voting and advantages and disadvantages of such systems. Particular attention is paid to the electronic voting systems that use block chain technologies in their scheme. The purpose of the publication is to create a theoretical model of the electronic voting system, which will include all stages of the elections. In this work, a study and analysis of the existing electronic voting systems were carried out, the requirements for the creation of electronic voting systems were substantiated. Possible attacks on both conventional electronic voting systems and options using the block chain were given. The advantages of the work include theoretical and practical models, comparison and study of possible attacks on various types of electronic voting systems.