Locuciones latinas y variación lingüística en el español del siglo XXI

This article considers the phenomenon of emotional assessment based on Russian and Spanish vocabulary (including slang), as well as phraseology. For the first time, a comprehensive semantic comparative study of the ways of forming and using evaluative units, reflecting the peculiarities of the perception of the linguistic pictures of the Spanish and Russian languages, has been carried out. The author analyzes the lexical and phraseological material, ways of representation in lexicographic practice, the reasons for the emergence of secondary evaluative meanings. The results obtained allow us to confirm the hypothesis that the belonging of the primary nominative meanings of lexical units to a specific FSH, in our case the “divine” group, leads to the emergence of secondary positive emotional evaluative semantics. The commonality of norms governing the formation of positive assessments in Russian and Spanish was confirmed, which makes it possible to speak about the presence of a common model of evaluative semantics as a single system, as well as the absence of a fundamental difference in the figurative structure and methods of forming an evaluative nomination in Russian and Spanish, determined by the common Christian culture and civilization, as well as the common origin of languages.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of dialects and linguistic diversity within the Spanish-speaking world on education, focusing on how teachers can effectively address this diversity in their Spanish language instruction. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was utilized, incorporating quantitative data from a questionnaire distributed to 100 Spanish language teachers, qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 15 experienced educators, and structured observations of 20 Spanish language classrooms to assess teaching practices. Results: The findings highlighted a notable gap between teachers' awareness of dialectal and cultural diversity (66% reported high awareness) and their actual implementation of inclusive practices (only 52% regularly used diverse materials). Major challenges included a lack of appropriate resources, time constraints, and the difficulty of balancing standard Spanish with diverse representations. Classroom observations revealed that while 70% of teachers utilized their own dialect, only 25% provided explicit instruction on dialect differences. Additionally, 80% of teachers expressed a desire for professional development in this area. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the need for improved teacher education, the development of inclusive curricula, and enhanced resources to address linguistic and cultural diversity effectively in Spanish language education.

The article is devoted to the study of set expressions in the Spanish language, one of the components of which is the lexical unit mayor or menor, from the point of view of identifying their linguistic features when used in various functional styles of speech. The lexical units mayor and menor, which have the dictionary meaning of “greater” or “smaller”, acquire additional connotations in the composition of various phrases, on which their translation into Russian largely depends. The work considers the most commonly used set expressions fixed in the phraseological dictionary. The source of the study were texts of various genres characteristic of each style of speech: the Constitutions of Spain and Latin American countries, codes, laws, decrees, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements, business letters, works of Spanish-language fiction, texts of periodicals, articles, essays, reviews, conversations, interviews, blogs and comments on social networks. When analyzing stable expressions that actively function in the Spanish language, their semantic meaning is indicated, and their stylistic affiliation is determined.The study presents a classification of stable phrases with the components mayor / menor based on grammatical features, describes their lexical component, determines the component composition, and analyzes the evaluative connotation, functional and stylistic potential.The article studies language means in the field of Spanish stylistics and phraseology, which are of scientific interest to Hispanists in matters of identifying the national and cultural specificity of the Spanish language. The work also provides a brief overview of the history of linguistic research on stylistics in Spain and Russia, notes the importance of the functional direction of stylistic research, presents functional styles of speech and speech genres characteristic of them.All the studied set expressions are used in texts of various genres inherent in the functional styles of speech in the Spanish language, while each of them, due to its semantic and stylistic features, is used mainly in a certain style.The study of stylistic possibilities of set expressions with the components mayor / menor helps to identify genre features of texts characteristic of different functional styles of speech, and to determine the features of the formation of the linguistic picture of the world of Spanish-speaking peoples.The article may be useful for philologists, specialists in the field of Spanish studies, teachers of Spanish, students studying Spanish.

The creation of Spanish language corpora is becoming one of the priorities of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language (RAE) in the 21st century. The work on the compilation of Spanish language corpora is a response to the challenges of the modern era of globalization and is based on new computer technologies. Corpora in linguistics are used for language research and are a tool for generalizing data about a language that have a versatile nature, starting with the frequency of use of word forms and ending with the training of artificial intelligence. The purpose of this article is to show how the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language (RAE), using new approaches in the field of corpus linguistics, expands the areas of its traditional activities, spreading the Spanish language in the digital sphere of human activity. The novelty of this study is that all the main Spanish language corpora created by the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language and the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language are analyzed from the point of view of the cultural vector of development of the Spanish-speaking civilization. The authors determine the importance of creating corpora as a way of developing this language culture in the future, which implies the need to use corpora for teaching artificial intelligence. Raising the topic of the importance of the digitalization of language for communication between machines and humans, the authors consider the compilation of corpora to be a necessary basis for launching this process. The article, on the one hand, analyzes the currently existing academic corpora, on the other, describes the possibilities of using corpora for language research and for teaching artificial intelligence, and as a result summarizes the importance of corpora in the digital age.

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Язык и литература» — научно-теоретический журнал, публикующий научно-исследовательские статьи и критические научные рецензии на русском и английском языках, призванные отразить актуальную проблематику современной лингвистики, литературоведения и междисциплинарных гуманитарных исследований, а также представить многообразие существующих здесь подходов и плюрализм мнений исследователей.

Despite the fact that Russian linguists are actively exploring the peculiarities of the implementation of language means in Latin American countries, the Spanish language of Guatemala has not yet been the object of analysis in terms of the variation of lexical units. This article examines the lexical units used in the Guatemalan national variety of the Spanish language through the prism of modern lexical semantics, using the current common approaches and methods of the linguistics discipline. The peculiarities of the Guatemalan national variety of the Spanish language are demonstrated, such as: high-frequency common Spanish units that have undergone semantic changes; prevailing terms and idioms that are unusual for Spain; many innovations of both Guatemalan and Mexican origin are used; a large number of loanwords from indigenous languages; and diminutives are widely used. Finally, it is concluded that the revealed and studied peculiarities of the Spanish language of Guatemala determine the need to study it not only for developing philological knowledge but also, to a large extent, for meeting the practical needs of the modern society.

The aim of this article is to systematize and analyze the main mechanisms through which the expansion of the phraseological composition of language occurs. The relevance of the study is due to the dynamic nature of the phraseological system and its ability to adapt to changing socio-cultural conditions. The article examines the phenomenon of phraseological productivity in modern French and Spanish. Phraseological productivity is understood as the ability of language to create new, sustainable expressions, enriching vocabulary and reflecting dynamic changes in culture and society. The study is about ways of creating new phraseologisms on the basis of already existing units. Concrete examples from the modern French and Spanish languages demonstrate how these processes lead to new phraseologisms that reflect contemporary realities and trends. In the course of the study, methods such as analysis of theoretical literature, descriptive method, continuous sample method, dictionary definition analysis method, component analysis of lexical units, and observation and generalization were used. The scientific novelty of research is to identify how processes of phraseological derification reflect the dynamics of sociocultural changes and contribute to the actualization of linguistic stereotypes in the mass consciousness. The analysis demonstrates that phraseological productivity is an important indicator of creativity and flexibility of modern French and Spanish languages, as well as their ability to respond quickly to the challenges of time. The article also addresses issues of normative and stylistic coloring of new phraseologisms. The results of the study contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of language dynamics and processes that determine the development of the phraseology of French and Spanish languages, and can be used in lexicography, lexicology and translation, as well as in the practice of teaching French and Spanish as foreign languages.

This article highlights how the preservation of heritage languages is essential in the construction of three Georgia Latina participants’ cultural identities and the creation of support networks that allow them to develop resiliency and achieve academically. We conceptualize resiliency as a strategy developed by the Latina participants using contextually mitigating factors during their STEM education. The findings presented in this manuscript are part of a larger, ongoing study of Latina resiliency and their paths to success in STEM fields in two states: Georgia and Texas. Following James Spradley’s guidelines, data were collected via three separate semi-structured interviews with each participant. Intrinsic, multiple case studies were used to find both commonalities and differences, as well as to deepen our understanding of the role of the participants’ heritage language in their development of resiliency in each particular case. The findings presented here were not part of a preconceived research hypothesis, but rather a theme that emerged while analyzing data collected in the state of Georgia. Georgia is not home to a long-established Hispanic/Latino population, but rather is part of the New Latino Diaspora (Wortham, Murillo and Hamann in Education in the new Latino diaspora: policy and the politics of identity. Ablex Publishing, New York, 2002), and therefore local natives do not necessarily perceive Latino immigrants and the Spanish language either as long-standing or permanent features of the state. In fact, in response to the growing diversity of the state during the past generation, Georgia has implemented multiple educational policies hostile toward immigrants and linguistic diversity (Beck and Allexsaht-Snider in Education in the new Latino diaspora: policy and the politics of identity. Ablex Press, Westport, 2002). Our findings suggest that the Latina participants’ heritage languages allow them to engage in cultural traditions, encouraged by their families, that are central to their heritage and identity and, thereby provide a medium for the development of the resiliency they need for academic success. The Spanish language allows them to maintain communication with their families and communities, enabling them to participate in a set of interactions and relationships. These, in turn, form the support networks needed to enact resilience in overcoming obstacles to pursuing their interest in STEM—an interest seen by society as incongruous with their gender and ethnicity.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2016v36n2p66Falada oficialmente por mais de 20 países, a língua espanhola possui grande diversidade linguística, fato desafiador a quem pretende ensiná-la ou aprendê-la, quiçá traduzi-la a outra língua. Da mesma forma, o português brasileiro apresenta diferentes variedades linguísticas, o que é perceptível ao observar, por exemplo, os diferentes falares nordestinos ou sulistas. Essa diversidade linguística reflete-se nas formas de tratamento para 2ª pessoa em ambas as línguas. Desse modo, ao ter que traduzir as formas de tratamento da língua espanhola (tú, vos, usted, vosotros e ustedes) para o português, ou os pronomes da língua portuguesa (tu, você, senhor, vós e vocês) para o espanhol, caberá ao tradutor considerar aspectos extralinguísticos, para decidir o pronome de tratamento adequado ao público e aos objetivos de sua tradução. Nesse contexto, este artigo busca realizar um diálogo entre os Estudos da Tradução, Ensino de Língua Espanhola e Sociolinguística Variacionista, visando destacar a potencialidade de aproximação destas áreas para elaboração de propostas didáticas sobre a variação linguística nas formas de tratamento do espanhol e do português.

This article presents a critical analysis of language ideologies in the instructional discourse of Spanish for heritage speakers in the United States. We focus on the discourse present in prefaces and introductions to Spanish for heritage speakers textbooks published between 1970 and 2000. Whereas previous research on language ideologies in heritage language instruction has tended to focus on standard language ideologies, in our analysis we broaden the perspective to examine a wider range of ideologies that are part of an institutionally entrenched and socially pervasive politics of knowledge. Our analysis revealed that the intertextual discourse emerging in Spanish Heritage Language (SHL) textbooks correlates with broader ideologies regarding the societal role of the university, the positioning of ethnic studies programs, and the portrayal of cultural and linguistic diversity within academia and society at large. Further, mirroring the evolution of these ideologies, we found that discourses of textbooks from the 1970s and 1980s tend to underscore access, inclusion, and representation for minority Spanish language students while textbooks published in the 1990s emphasize economic competitiveness and globalization. In our discussion of this move from the portrayal of Spanish as linked to student identity to the commodification of linguistic and cultural diversity, we underscore the multifaceted and often contradictory implications of these two ideological constructions.

Evaluation of a Pilot Spanish Language Program for Student Pharmacists

This article discusses the peculiarities of linguistic consciousness of the representatives of ethnoses of Latin American countries through the modern dialects of Spanish language. Analysis is conducted on the lexicon of the national cuisine of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The article includes the analysis of linguistic zones of the Spanish language. The goal lies in examination of the lexicon of national cuisine of Latin American countries and, and creation of culinary dictionary of Spanish-speaking countries. The author aims to determine the national-specific gastronomic realities of Latin American countries through the prism of ethno-cultural space, and establish correlation between the uniqueness of gastronomic realities with the mentality and fragments of the linguistic worldview of Latin American countries. The conclusion is formulated on the impact of loanwords upon the national culinary lexicon of Latin American countries. The author draws a chart with the lexemes of national cuisines of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. In accordance with the linguistic zones of Spanish language, the national culinary lexicon is divided into three groups of indigenisms; considering the influence of other languages on the formation of the vocabulary of the regional Spanish language, the national culinary lexicon is divided into the following loanwords (Africanisms, Arabisms, Gallicisms, Anglicisms, and Italianisms). Lexical units, which are widespread in the territory of two, three, or four national dialects of the Spanish language are referred to as regionalisms. Lexical units that are characteristic to one national dialect of the Spanish language are referred to as variantisms. The proper names are allocated into a separate group. The scientific novelty consists in examination of the poorly studied national culinary lexicon of such Latin American countries as Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

Aim. To analyze the lexical characteristics of “Memoirs about the Last Carlist War” by the Catalan writer Marian Vayreda.Methodology. The method of contextual lexical and semantic analysis was used in the work. Dialectisms, lexical interferences from Spanish, and sociolectisms are studied in the article. The meaning and area of the analyzed lexical units were specified according to the “Large Dictionary of the Catalan language” and the “Catalan-Valencian-Balearic Dialect Dictionary”.Results. The analyzed text contains lexemes, the use of which is characteristic for the author's native North Catalan subdialect. In addition, the book contains lexical units that are absent in North Catalan, but can be found in other diatopic language varieties. The dialectisms used by the author function as stylistic devices. The article analyzes the lexical interferences from Spanish present in the text, which are divided into italicized foreign language inclusions and Spanish interferences in Catalan. The Spanish language is used by M. Vayreda to create a verbal portrait of negative characters, as well as to characterize certain concepts that the author considers alien to Catalonia and its culture. The lexical units related to the sociolect of the Catalan Carlists are considered. Some features of the political discourse of the Carlists are noted.Research implications. The study is a continuation of a number of publications dedicated to M. Vayreda's books and the first study that comprehensively analyzes the lexical features of “Memoirs of the Last Carlist War”. The article can serve as a starting point for further research on the history of the Catalan language and on the language of Spanish Carlism.

The article offers an analysis of the paremias of Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish, devoted to women. The research material was the paremiological units of these languages, obtained by continuous sampling from collections of paremias, works of art and bilingual dictionaries, the selection criterion is the presence of a woman’s lexical unit (French femme , Spanish mujer , Malagasy Vehivavy ) or a description of appearance, significance, behavior function as mother, wife, housewife, etc. in paremias in considered linguocultures. The purpose of the study is to reveal the universal and cultural-specific features of the concept of a woman in the considered corps of the Russian, French Malagasy and Spanish paremies. The tasks of the work also include consideration of the peculiarities of the paremiological and lexical units used in this fragment of the linguistic picture, as well as to describe the general and non-coinciding aspects of the origin and functioning of the antiparemia and the use of gradualness in the paremies. The selection and analysis of paremiological units showed that in the languages in question one can find paremic units characterizing a woman as ideal, intelligent, strong, etc. person, and also the importance of a woman as a housewife and her superiority over a man. A significant part of the analyzed linguistic material is made up of paradoxes in which a woman is compared with a female animal, a plant or object with which a certain quality of a woman is associated, and also a woman is presented as a stupid, talkative, unreliable, lazy, capricious person or unreasonable wife. The originality of the research is that the first time the analysis of the comparative consideration of the paremias about the woman on the material of the Russian, French, Malagasy and Spanish languages and the lexical and paremiological material of the Malagasy language introduced into the scientific circulation is made.

Corpus linguistics can be approached from different perspectives. In this chapter we will focus on corpora in digital format from a two points of view, focusing first on the impact of disposing of samples of real language use for linguistic analysis and then on the role that corpora play in the area of computational linguistics (CL) and natural language processing (NLP), paying special attention to Spanish language corpora. Digital technologies have led to profound changes in the way research is carried out in the fields of biology, medicine, neuroscience and linguistics. Thanks to the digital revolution, we now have access to samples of real language use for 392the first time, which means that introspection is no longer the only way to test the adequacy of our theoretical postulates. The Internet is a platform on which all kinds of communicative interactions take place and is therefore an inexhaustible source of information on oral and written language in all modalities and registers: formal, informal, normative and academic. In this chapter, we will deal with the techniques and tools applied to corpora in digital format in order to obtain reliable information on the current and past states of the Spanish language. In this way, we will see how, through CL and NLP, corpus linguistics has widened the scope of the study of language, which is currently perceived within the broader framework of human communications rather than as simple formal algebra.