Locked Up and Looking for a Way Out: First Nation Policy Control as a Path Out of the Indian Act Maze

This article examines local emergency manager's beliefs regarding control over tasks during various stages of the hazard cycle since federal policies went into effect following the September 11 attacks. The study considers whether a disparity exists between the actions of local officials during each phase of the "hazard cycle" and the policy expectations of the federal government, which call for greater federal control over activities in emergency management and homeland security. To do so, hypothesis testing investigates the jurisdiction's use of comprehensive emergency management (CEM) practices, the perceived "clarity" of the federal policy demands, and if the local actors feel coerced to comply with federal policy demands so that grant funding is not compromised. Using a model developed from "third-generation" policy implementation research, the results show that the odds of local officials citing federal control over these actions have very limited statistical significance. This signals that the perceived lack of local input into the development of these federal policies and the policies' limited use of traditional CEM measures may not be in concert with what local actors perform in the field. Simply put, the respondents claim to understand the federal policy demands, support the concept of federal control as the policies describe, yet follow their own plans or traditional CEM principles, even if such actions do not support the federal policy demands. These results align with pre-existing research in the emergency management field that show issues with efforts to centralize policies under the Department of Homeland Security and Federal Emergency Management Agency.

The May 2015 release of the report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing highlighted a fundamental change in the issues dominating discussions about policing in America. That change has moved discussions away from a focus on what is legal or effective in crime control and toward a concern for how the actions of the police influence public trust and confidence in the police. This shift in discourse has been motivated by two factors—first, the recognition by public officials that increases in the professionalism of the police and dramatic declines in the rate of crime have not led to increases in police legitimacy, and second, greater awareness of the limits of the dominant coercive model of policing and of the benefits of an alternative and more consensual model based on public trust and confidence in the police and legal system. Psychological research has played an important role in legitimating this change in the way policymakers think about policing by demonstrating that perceived legitimacy shapes a set of law-related behaviors as well as or better than concerns about the risk of punishment. Those behaviors include compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. These findings demonstrate that legal authorities gain by a focus on legitimacy. Psychological research has further contributed by articulating and demonstrating empirical support for a central role of procedural justice in shaping legitimacy, providing legal authorities with a clear road map of strategies for creating and maintaining public trust. Given evidence of the benefits of legitimacy and a set of guidelines concerning its antecedents, policymakers have increasingly focused on the question of public trust when considering issues in policing. The acceptance of a legitimacy-based consensual model of police authority building on theories and research studies originating within psychology illustrates how psychology can contribute to the development of evidence-based policies in the field of criminal law.

Environmental health sits at the intersection of public health and environmental protection. Governments often confront environmental health concerns through environmental laws. Authority to take actions like passing these laws is determined by federalism, which divides the authority to make laws and policies on various issues between those levels of government. However, tensions often arise when these levels of government attempt to share regulatory authority over environmental issues. Issues of federalism are especially prevalent in environmental health issues, where incidents not only cross state and local borders and affect different levels of government but may also involve both environmental and health agencies. This article describes the history of environmental federalism in the United States through the lens of public health, including how the regulatory structure transitioned from primarily state control to a more centralized federal system of governance. It also describes modern federalism in environmental health, the levels of government involved in environmental health decisions, and the legal authorities that allow these governments to regulate environmental health in the United States. Finally, this article describes the implications of federalism in environmental health.

An overview of EPA's hospital waste incinerator field inspection and source evaluation manual

The national audit institutions are increasingly focused on not only the audit activity but also how to support good organizational governance. In addition, innovation is a key element of sustainable development throughout the world, however capturing innovation through an audit is complicated. First, developing an effective and innovative national audit policy and then implementing these processes is an important and innovative step toward improved innovation governance. This article is based on policy implementation theory combined with the principles of science and technology innovation. These concepts are combined to analyze how the United States' primary audit institution (GAO) carries out the innovation policy implementation audits, and how these activities compare to similar activities in China. At the present time, China's implementation of the innovation policy audit has both a scientific theory foundation and it is done in accord with the current trends found in other international agencies governing audit procedures. Policy development and the implementation of real-time auditing can be a good mechanism for optimizing the benefit from audits. However China's current innovation policy implementation audit procedures have some key defects and deficiencies, such as legal authority, audit target, audit result usage, among others. Thus there is a need to improve innovation audits in China, and in turn transfer the institution's innovation strategic goals into reality. Keywords innovation policy implementation, real-time audit, innovation policy implementation mechanism, audit institution

– This chapter focuses upon two contrasting features of the linguistic situation in Australia. On the one hand, together with nationhood, the past hundred or so years have seen the evolution of a distinct national variety of English in Australia recognizable also outside Australia. On the other, Australia, though a young nation, has been continuously inhabited by the various Aborigine and Torre Strait Islander communities for thousands of years. These have traditionally spoken a wide variety of different languages, some of which of great interest to linguists due to their peculiarity. Increasingly, although the use of Aborigine languages has until very recently been in steady decline, since the 1950s in particular, diverse ethnic groups speaking a variety of languages, both European and Asian, have settled in Australia. The National Policy on Languages (1987) formally directed Australia towards multilingualism and the teaching of English as a first and second language is promoted together with that of Aborigine and community languages. Consequently, Australia has been one of the first nations to try to capitalise on its own linguistic diversity, both as a means of strengthening links with the outside world and as a way of promoting a multiethnic and multicultural society at home. Australia presents then an interesting case study for those working with discourse in immigration domains who are concerned with the way that language policy (or the lack of one) may effect social harmony and serve not only as an indicator of the way that migrants are received and treated, but also a catalyst in itself for greater mutual respect.

Subnational, supralocal (or "regional") approaches to tobacco control are often central federal nation tobacco control and can be superfluous for very small nations. However, their relevance to countries with weak intermediate tiers of governance are less clear. This study explores expert and policymaker perceptions on the function, form, footprint, and funding of regional tobacco control (RTC) in England. One-to-one semistructured interviews (n = 16) and four focus groups (n = 26) exploring knowledge and perceptions of the past, present, and future of RTC in England were conducted with public health leaders, clinicians, tobacco control practitioners, civil servants, and politicians. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Participants reported several key functions for RTC, including illicit tobacco control, media campaigns, advocacy, policy development, and network facilitation for local actors. A small minority of participants reported little role for RTC. Broader perceived features of effective RTC included subject expertise, strong regional ties, systems leadership, and a distinctive program of work. Views varied on whether regional programs should be developed nationally or locally, and their optimal footprint. Participants generally agreed stable funding was a prerequisite for success, although there was lesser agreement on funding sources. Pooling resources at the regional level in countries with weak intermediate tiers of governance may increase reach, cost-effectiveness and impact of campaigns, policy interventions, and advocacy, whilst retaining the ability to tailor approaches to regional populations. There are likely to be greater funding and governance challenges associated with introducing or strengthening RTC in countries with weak intermediate tiers of governance. Despite this, evidence from England shows it is possible to develop RTC approaches reported as effective by key stakeholders. Possible benefits of regional approaches in this context include cost-effective delivery of illicit tobacco control, media campaigns, advocacy, research, policy development, and coordinated support for local action on tobacco.

We conducted a literature review in 2011 to determine if accepted governance functions continue to reflect the role of public health governing entities. Reviewing literature and other source documents, as well as consulting with practitioners, resulted in an iterative process that identified 6 functions of public health governance and established definitions for each of these: policy development; resource stewardship; continuous improvement; partner engagement; legal authority; and oversight of a health department. These functions provided context for the role of governing entities in public health practice and aligned well with existing public health accreditation standards. Public health systems research can build from this work in future explorations of the contributions of governance to health department performance.

Policy making University of Medical Sciences, in a comprehensive look, three stages of formulation, implementation and evaluation. In the full implementation of the policies of Medical Sciences, indices are several factors to identify them in order to streamline the implementation of policies is important. In this paper, according to studies, the perspective of managers, supervisors and experts on the factors affecting the implementation of the policies set and looked University of Medical Sciences. In the present study, type research methods analytical and applied in terms of goal. The population of managers, supervisors and reporters are Zahedan and Zabol University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaire that the overall validity of the content and reliable 0.84 with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was estimated. The results of this study six important landmark in the implementation of policies were identified and ratings which include administration and bureaucracy, targets and policy development, enforcement expertise, personality traits and behavioral anchors, consumers and supported by the legal authorities. Keywords: public policy making, vision, medical sciences, health document. JEL Classification: D78, I11

The origin of the federal-state partnership in Maternal and Child Health (MCH) can be traced from the Children's Bureau grants of 1912, through the Sheppard-Towner Act, to the creation of Title V and other programs of today that mandate planning, accountability, and systems development. In the past decade with the transformation of the health care system and the emergence of managed care, there has been a resurgence of interest in public, professional, and governmental interest in quality measurement and accountability. Regional perinatal systems have been implemented in all states with varying levels of involvement by state health agencies and the public sector. This historical framework discusses two primary themes: the decades of evolution in the federal-state partnership, and the emergence in the last three decades of perinatal regional system policy, and suggests that the structure of the federal-state partnership has encouraged state variation. A survey of state MCH programs was undertaken to clarify their operational and perceived role in promoting quality improvement in perinatal care. Data and information from the survey, along with five illustrative state case studies, demonstrate great variation in how individual state agencies function. State efforts in quality improvement, a process to make things better, have four arenas of activity: policy development and implementation, definition and measurement of quality, data collection and analysis, and communication to affect change. Few state health agencies (through their MCH programs and perinatal staff) are taking action in all four arenas. This analysis concludes that there are improvements MCH programs could implement without significant expansion in their authority or resources and points out that there is an opportunity for states to be more proactive as they have the legal authority and responsibility for assuring MCH outcomes.

In 2007, the Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration (DOE/NNSA) Office of Nonproliferation and International Security (NA-24) completed a comprehensive review of the current and potential future challenges facing the international safeguards system. The review examined trends and events impacting the mission of international safeguards and the implications of expanding and evolving mission requirements on the legal authorities and institutions that serve as the foundation of the international safeguards system, as well as the technological, financial, and human resources required for effective safeguards implementation. The review's findings and recommendations were summarized in the report, 'International Safeguards: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century (October 2007)'. One of the report's key recommendations was for DOE/NNSA to launch a major new program to revitalize the international safeguards technology and human resource base. In 2007, at the International Atomic Energy Agency's General Conference, then Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman announced the newly created Next Generation Safeguards Initiative (NGSI). NGSI consists of five program elements: (1) Policy development and outreach; (2) Concepts and approaches; (3) Technology and analytical methodologies; (4) Human resource development; and (5) Infrastructure development. The ensuing report addresses the 'Human Resource Development (HRD)' component of NGSI. The goal of the HRD as defined in the NNSA Program Plan (November 2008) is 'to revitalize and expand the international safeguards human capital base by attracting and training a new generation of talent.' One of the major objectives listed in the HRD goal includes education and training, outreach to universities, professional societies, postdoctoral appointments, and summer internships at national laboratories. ORNL is a participant in the NGSI program, together with several DOE laboratories such as Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). In particular, ORNL's participation encompasses student internships, postdoctoral appointments, collaboration with universities in safeguards curriculum development, workshops, and outreach to professional societies through career fairs.

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is regarded as a support tool for detecting and assessing the prevalence of infectious diseases at a population level. For rural, remote, and resource-constrained communities with little access to other public health monitoring tools, WBE can be a low-cost approach to filling gaps in population health knowledge to inform public health risk assessment and decision-making. This rapid review explores and discusses unique considerations of WBE in key settings, with a focus on the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has rapidly expanded WBE infrastructure globally. To frame our understanding of possibilities for WBE with First Nations in Alberta, we address the following questions: What are the unique considerations and challenges for WBE under similar contexts in rural, remote, or resource-constrained settings? What are the resources and expertise required to support WBE? This review identifies several unique considerations for WBE in rural, remote, and resource-constrained communities, including costs, accessibility, operator capacity, wastewater infrastructure, and data mobilization-highlighting the need for equity in WBE. In summary, most resource-constrained communities require additional support from external research and/or governmental bodies to undertake WBE.

Development and environmental policies of Ethiopia: Policy review from view point of development-environment sustainability linkage

Sustainable development has been suggested as a framework for integrating development and climate change policies in developing countries. Mainstreaming climate change into sustainable development policies would allow these countries to achieve their development goals while addressing climate change. A number of research programmes have investigated how potential synergies could be achieved at national level and what kind of trade-offs between the various aspects of sustainable development have to be faced. An overview of these studies is provided, focusing on national case studies. The energy and transportation sectors are covered in many studies, but some attention is also given to the infrastructure sector and water supply. Most existing development policies will not lead to a sustainable development pattern, since they insufficiently address climate change. However, good opportunities exist for integrated policies to achieve development goals while engaging with climate change. The energy and transportation sector studies identified many alternative national low-cost policies with much lower GHG emissions than the business-as-usual policy. Opportunities are identified for alternative national development policies for infrastructure and water supply that provide resilience against climate variability and climate change.

Sustainable development has been suggested as a framework for integrating development and climate change policies in developing countries. Mainstreaming climate change into sustainable development policies would allow these countries to achieve their development goals while addressing climate change. A number of research programmes have investigated how potential synergies could be achieved at national level and what kind of trade-offs between the various aspects of sustainable development have to be faced. An overview of these studies is provided, focusing on national case studies. The energy and transportation sectors are covered in many studies, but some attention is also given to the infrastructure sector and water supply. Most existing development policies will not lead to a sustainable development pattern, since they insufficiently address climate change. However, good opportunities exist for integrated policies to achieve development goals while engaging with climate change. The energy and transportation sector studies identified many alternative national low-cost policies with much lower GHG emissions than the business-as-usual policy. Opportunities are identified for alternative national development policies for infrastructure and water supply that provide resilience against climate variability and climate change.