Location, location, structure type: Rent divergence within neighborhoods

In this paper, two types of polymer-stabilized periodic structures created by photopolymerization of a nematic liquid crystal confined in a cylindrical structure are presented. Both types of structures were induced by nematic-isotropic phase transition in liquid crystal doped with gold nanoparticles. The first type of structure was created by stabilizing periodic phase separation at the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature. As a result, a periodic structure with two distinct molecular orientations of nematic liquid crystal was achieved. The period of this structure was equal to the period induced by nematic-isotropic phase separation. The second type of structure, also related to the phase transition, was created due to an induced periodic density change of gold nanoparticles in the sample volume. Through photopolymerization it was possible to preclude the dispersion of gold nanoparticles while preserving the periodicity. An increased concentration of gold nanoparticles caused periodic defects in molecular orientation of the liquid crystal. Both types of structures were stable at room temperature. Consequently, two types of 1D photonic structures stabilized by photopolymerization are presented.

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) not otherwise specified (NOS), the most common type of breast cancer, demonstrates great intratumoral morphological heterogeneity, which encompasses the presence of different types of morphological structures—tubular, trabecular, solid, and alveolar structures and discrete groups of tumor cells, the origins of which remain unclear at present. In this study of 162 IDC NOS patients, we investigated whether the distribution of different types of morphological structures is related to the basic clinicopathological parameters of IDC NOS. Our results showed that in patients with only one type of tumor structure, the presence of any one of the five types was equally probable; however, cases with two types of structures were more likely to contain trabecular structures than the other four types. The development of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity was not associated with menopausal status, tumor size, histological grade, hematogenic metastasis, or recurrence. However, the number of different types of morphological structures was significantly higher in luminal tumors than in triple-negative tumors. An increase in the frequency of lymph node metastasis correlated with the increased number of different types of structures in breast tumors; however, in contrast to premenopausal patients, this association was explained by the presence of alveolar structures in postmenopausal women. In addition, we showed a significant decrease in the numbers of positive lymph nodes in tumors with high numbers of morphological variants. The frequency of lymph node metastases and the number of positive nodes were generally independent features and formed by different mechanisms. Based on the evidence, the term “phenotypic drift” has been designated as the basis for the development of intratumoral morphological heterogeneity of IDC NOS.

A comprehensive evaluation of the anti-erosion characteristics of several new structural elbows in the pneumatic conveying system

Supermolecular structures in crosslinked polyurethanes

Artificial structures, such as seawalls, pilings and pontoons, are common features of urban estuaries. They replace natural structures or add to the amount of hard substratum in an area and provide habitats for many fish and invertebrates. Previous work has concentrated on fish or on the invertebrates that occupy the primary substratum of artificial structures. Mussels often grow on different types of structures (pontoons, pilings, seawalls and natural reefs) and provide a secondary substratum for other organisms to inhabit. Counting and identifying organisms associated with mussel beds is traditionally done to species level, which is very time‐consuming. To save time, organisms in this study were identified to coarse levels of taxonomic resolution (a mix of taxa, such as class, order, family and genus), which showed similar patterns to those when particularly speciose and abundant groups were identified to species. This study tests hypotheses that the distribution and abundance of mobile and sessile organisms that inhabit mussel beds will differ among natural and various types of artificial structures. When the associated assemblages of mussel beds from different types of structures and from different locations were examined, assemblages varied according to the type of structure they inhabited and its location. Assemblages associated with mussels on pontoons differed consistently from those on other types of structures. Patterns in the assemblages were also consistent through time. These data show that the types and amounts of artificial structures added to an environment can affect the types, distribution and abundances of organisms living in biogenic habitats.

Periodic structures are growing in popularity especially in the energy harvesting and metastructures communities. Common types of these unique structures are referred to in the literature as zigzag, orthogonal spiral, fan-folded, and longitudinal zigzag structures. Many of these studies on periodic structures have two competing goals in common: (a) minimizing natural frequency, and (b) minimizing mass or volume. These goals suggest that no single design is best for all applications; therefore, there is a need for design optimization and comparison tools which first require efficient easy-to-implement models. All available structural dynamics models for these types of structures do provide exact analytical solutions; however, they are complex requiring tedious implementation and providing more information than necessary for practical applications making them computationally inefficient. This paper presents experimentally validated recursive models that are able to very accurately and efficiently predict the dynamics of the four most common types of periodic structures. The proposed modeling technique employs a combination of static deflection formulae and Rayleigh’s Quotient to estimate the first mode shape and natural frequency of periodic structures having any number of beams. Also included in this paper are the results of an extensive experimental validation study which show excellent agreement between model prediction and measurement. Lastly, the proposed models are used to evaluate the performance of each type of structure. Results of this performance evaluation reveal key advantages and disadvantages associated with each type of structure.

\n Context. The seismology of early-type stars is limited by our incomplete understanding of gravito-inertial modes.\n Aims. We develop a short-wavelength asymptotic analysis for gravito-inertial modes in rotating stars.\n Methods. The Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation was applied to the equations governing adiabatic small perturbations about a model of a uniformly rotating barotropic star.\n Results. A general eikonal equation, including the effect of the centrifugal deformation, is derived. The dynamics of axisymmetric gravito-inertial rays is solved numerically for polytropic stellar models of increasing rotation and analysed by describing the structure of the phase space. Three different types of phase-space structures are distinguished. The first type results from the continuous evolution of structures of the non-rotating integrable phase space. It is predominant in the low-frequency region of the phase space. The second type of structures are island chains associated with stable periodic rays. The third type of structures are large chaotic regions that can be related to the envelope minimum of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency.\n Conclusions. Gravito-inertial modes are expected to follow this classification, in which the frequency spectrum is a superposition of sub-spectra associated with these different types of phase-space structures. The detailed confrontation between the predictions of this ray-based asymptotic theory and numerically computed modes will be presented in a companion paper.\n

The fatigue performance of two high-strength steels (NY-80, HY-130), stainless steel 17-4 PH and a titanium alloy (Ti 6A1-4V) were compared in a simulated ocean environment. The laboratory test specimens (box beams) were representative of any high-strength marine appendage such as rudders, hydrofoil foils, etc. Single-sided welds, by necessity, are used to connect the cover plating to the internal stiffeners of the load-carrying structure. These welds are considered poor from a fatigue standpoint. Three methods of closure joints studied were slot welds, single-sided "T" welds and single-sided butt welds. The box beam fatigue testing was designed for 7.5 × 106 cycles. Fatigue failures, the occurrence of a visible through crack in the test section, were observed prior to this for air and salt-water tests for all materials. Slot welds and single-sided "T" welds lasted twice as long as butt welds. Information obtained, can be used to determine the suitability of these engineering materials and weld joints in ocean structures. Since the box beams tested were designed on an "equivalent load concept", the test results compare fatigue performance of equivalent structural systems. INTRODUCTION Marine structures are subject to fatigue loads and potentially an aggressive environment throughout their lives like any other long-lived structure. The magnitude of loads, effects of environment, and fatigue performance of the structure depend on many factors including the vehicle type, mission and details of the structure involved. One type of marine structure that is particularly susceptible to fatigue damage is the multicellular wing-type structure used for rudders, control fins and planes and hydrofoil struts and foils. This type of structure normally is comprised of internal cross directional stiffeners with closure plates on both sides (see Fig. 1). This sometimes is referred to as "egg-crate" construction. Because of the thinness of the structure, cover plates on one side of the structure normally are attached with some form of single-sided welds. The single-sided welds themselves present potential fatigue damage sites. In addition, the whole structure potentially can present fatigue problems because of the fact that the internal surfaces are not accessible for inspection. For hydrofoil foils, the single-sided welds can be selectively located so that stresses they experience are nominally compressive. For struts, rudders, and other types of structures, this is not possible since both sides of the structure see both tensile and compressive stresses. In order to evaluate properly the fatigue and crack growth performance of these types of structures a large-scale experimental program was developed at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center. This program was developed around a hydrofoil foil test article; however, the comparative results would be applicable to any type of marine structure that encompasses egg-crate stiffening and single-sided welds. The basic test article is a tapered box beam approximately 4 ft in length that is mounted vertically (see Fig. 2). One end is fixed and the other end point loaded. The cantilevered box beam has a tapered design so that the resulting stress distribution is approximately constant over 70 percent of its length.

The interaction of the components in R NiIn 2- x Ga x ( R = Y, Gd) systems at 873 K by means of X-ray phase and partially local X-ray analysis was investigated in full concentration range. The samples for the investigation were synthesized by arc-melting technique with subsequent annealing at 873 K for a month. Phase analysis was carried out by X-ray powder diffraction (DRON-2.0M, Fe K α-radiation, PANalytical X’Pert Pro, Cu K α-radiation and Stoe Stadi P, Cu K α 1 -radiation) and, partially, EDX analysis (REMMA-102-02). The limit of solubility of respective p -elements in R Ni X 2 ( R = Y, Gd; X = In, Ga) compounds were determined and parameters of unit cell were refined: YNiIn 2.00-1.50 Ga 0-0.50 (MgCuAl 2 -type structure): a = 0.4314–0.4284(1), b = 1.0406–1.0351(2), c = 0.7276–0.7136(2) nm; V = 0.3266–0.3164(1) nm 3 ; YNiIn 1.25-0.75 Ga 0.75-1.25 (PrNiIn 2 -type structure): a = 0.4223(2)–0.4187(2), b = 1.7278(1)–1.7078(8), c = 2.0910(1)–2.0773(9) nm; V = 1.5256(2)–1.4855(1) nm 3 ; YNiGa 2.00-1.50 In 0-0.50 (MgCuAl 2 -type structure): a = 0.4130–0.4179(1), b = 1.0050–1.0166(1), c = 0.6620 – 0.6787(1) nm; V = 0.2748–0.2884(1) nm 3 ; GdNiIn 2.00-1.50 Ga 0-0.50 (MgCuAl 2 -type structure): a = 0.4335–0.4273(3), b = 1.0452–1.0351(6), c = 0.7327–0.7288(5) nm; V = 0.3320–0.3223(3) nm 3 ; GdNiIn 1.25-0.70 Ga 0.75-1.30 (PrNiIn 2 -type structure): a = 0.4258(1)–0.4238(1), b = 1.7038(23)–1.7239(4), c = 2.0454(6) – 2.1019(5) nm; V = 1.4837(8)–1.5358(6) nm 3 ); GdNiGa 2.00-1.50 In 0-0.50 (NdNiGa 2 -type structure): а = 0.4120–0.4152(1), b = 1.7540–1.7546(6), с = 0.4082–0.4074(1) nm; V = 0.2950–0.2967(2) nm 3 . The substitution of indium atoms by gallium atoms leads to structure transformation: from phases with MgCuAl 2 -type structure to phases with PrNiIn 2 -type structure. These phases have a different metric but similar structure. The phases with MgCuAl 2 -type structure can be presented as penta-, tetra- and trigonal prisms stacking. Pentagonal prisms are centred by Gd atoms and form infinity chains along z axis when tetragonal and trigonal prisms form a mosaic stacking. A similar stacking of these types of prisms is also characteristic for the GdNiIn 1.0 6 Ga 0.9 4 compound with PrNiIn 2 -type structure. The increasing of gallium concentration leads to second structure transformation: phases with PrNiIn 2 -type structure transform to phase with MgCuAl 2 and NdNiGa 2 -type structure in YNiIn 2- x Ga x and GdNiIn 2- x Ga x systems respectively. The crystal structure of GdNiIn 1.0 6 Ga 0.9 4 compound was refined from powder X-ray diffraction data (PrNiIn 2 -type structure, space group Cmcm , a = 0.4220(2), b = 1.7168(6), c = 2.0896(8) nm; R Bragg = 0.099; R f = 0.090). The formation of solid solutions, new quaternary phases and character of the unit cell parameters variation in the studied systems were briefly discussed. Keywords : indium, solid solution, powder method, crystal structure.

Lexical bundle is recurrent sequences of words which usually hang together. By identifying and analyzing lexical bundles structurally and functionally, we can see how the texts have been written especially in achieving communicative purpose of the text. The objectives of the research are to analyze lexical bundles in order to explain (1) their structural forms, (2) their functional types, (3) the relation between the structural forms and functional types manifested in the literature review of students’ final projects, and (4) the distribution of the relation between the structural forms and functional types to literature review’s move structures in achieving its communicative purpose. This research is a corpus study. The data are 20 Chapter II, Literature Review of students’ final projects. The results revealed that, firstly the most structural form of LB used in students’ texts was Type 1 Noun phrase with of-phrase fragment, secondly research-oriented was the most function of LB categorized into procedure, quantification, and description, thirdly there are three relations between structures and functions of LB; (a) Relation I: research-oriented and four structure types, (b) Relation II: text-oriented and three structure types, (c) Relation III: participant-oriented and three structure types, and fourthly, all structures of LB especially which are related functionally into research-oriented has a great contribution to Literature Review’s move structures. It means that the use of LBs have contribution in achieving communicative purpose of the text.

This review paper critically examines multinational company; discuss its merits and demerits for host countries and debates on its various types of structures and strategies. The main part of this critical review relates about the various types of structures and strategies which multinational companies adopt while conducting business across boarders. It starts by defining Multinational Company discussing its merits and demerits, analysing the various components of its strategies and structures and comparing the merits and demerits of these different types of structures and strategies. A thematic approach rather than chronological approach has been used mainly due to the purpose and approach necessary for such type of review. The thematic approach enables an analysis of a specific topic or theme without considering the chronological order of which the research has been conducted. In latter part this review discusses the relationship of these strategies with international human resource management and also highlights the implications of different companies' strategies and structures for the international human resource management (IHRM). And at end we concluded that the role of IHRM varies in different types of organizational structures and therefore the implications of these structures are also vary for international HRM. Keywords- International Human Resource Management, Models, Structures and Strategies, Multinational Companies

The one-dimensional deformation of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires and springs can be implemented into different types of functional structures with three-dimensional deformations. These structures can be classified based on the type of structure and how the SMA element has been implemented into the following categories: rigid mechanical joints, semi-rigid flexural hinges, SMA elements externally attached to a soft structure, and embedded into the soft structure. These structures have a wide range of properties and implementation requirements, and they have been used to produce a variety of robots with rigid and soft motions. The different research efforts to develop actuators and robots related to each type of structure are presented along with their respective strengths and weaknesses. A model is then developed to discuss the performance and applicability of SMA wires versus SMA springs for actuators with a polymeric matrix to see the effect of each type of SMA on the selection of design parameters. A comparison of the different types of structures and the applicability of different types of SMA elements for different types of structures is then presented.

Interaction of the components in Y ‑ Ni ‑ In system was investigated by X-ray powder methods and isothermal section of phase diagram was constructed at 870 K in full concentration range. The samples were synthesized in an arc-furnace on a water-cooled Cu-plate under an argon atmosphere and annealed in silica tubes at 870 K for one month. The phase analysis was performed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Twelve ternary compounds, namely YNi 9 In 2 (YNi 9 In 2 -type structure), Y 1-1 . 40 Ni 4 In 1-0 . 60 (MgCu 4 Sn-type structure), YNiIn 2 (MgCuAl 2 -type structure), Y 4 Ni 11 In 20 (U 4 Ni 11 Ga 20 -type structure), YNi 1 . 00-0 . 50 In 1 . 00-1 . 50 (ZrNiAl-type structure), Y 2 Ni 2 In (Mn 2 AlB 2 -type structure), Y 2 Ni 1 . 78 In (Mo 2 FeB 2 -type structure), Y 5 Ni 2 In 4 (Lu 5 Ni 2 In 4 -type structure), Y 11 Ni 4 In 9 (Nd 11 Pd 4 In 9 -type structure), Y 12 Ni 6 In (Sm 12 Ni 6 In-type structure), Y 13.84 Ni 3.19 In 2.97 (Lu 14 Co 3 In 3 -type structure), ~Y 3 Ni 0.05 In 0.95 (AuCu 3 -type structure) exist in the Y ‑ Ni ‑ In system at the temperature of annealing. Compound Y 3 Ni 2.26 In 3.74 exists at higher temperature. The substitution of Ni for In was observed for YNi 1.00-0.50 In 1.00-1.50 and In for Y in the case of Y 1-1,40 Ni 4 In 1-0,60 compound. Besides, yttrium can enter the structure of NiIn (CoSn-type) leading to formation of including-subtraction type solid solution, which is stable for 0 ‑ 8 at. % Y. The composition of this solid solution can be described by the formula Y 0-0 . 16 NiIn 1-0 . 93 . The inclusion of yttrium and indium atoms in position (2 e ) with the simultaneous exclusion of a small amount of indium atoms from position (1 a ) takes place in the homogeneity range of this solid solution. The character of component interaction in the ternary Y ‑ Ni ‑ In system is similar to other related ternary system R ‑ T ‑ In ( R – rare earth of the yttrium subgroup). The common feature of all these systems is the existence of large number isotypical ternary compounds, the formation of homogeneity range for compounds with ZrNiAl and including-subtraction type solid solutions based on the binary compound NiIn. Keywords: yttrium, indium, nickel, phase equilibria, ternary compound, crystal structure.

Concrete industry is the main contributor of CO2 emission, and abundant studies were done for evaluating life cycle CO2 during production stage, construction stage, and use stage. The uptake of CO2 due to carbonation in service life is not detailed considered. Furthermore, the uptake of CO2 in demolition stage and the influences of structural element types on CO2 uptake performance are also not detailed considered. To overcome the weak points of current study, this paper proposed a numerical procedure about life cycle assessment of CO2 emission of concrete considering carbonation and structural element types. The CO2 emission and uptake in production stage, construction stage, use stage, and demolition stage are calculated. The influences of structural element types, shapes, and sizes on CO2 uptake performance are clarified. For concrete structures with different structural types, such as frame structures and shear-wall structures, the relative ratios for different structural element are different, hence the CO2 uptake ability are also different.

A framework for systematic conservation planning and management of Mediterranean landscapes