Loanword adaptation parameters in contact: The case of -ING Anglicisms in Russian

The aim of the article is to introduce the authors’ perspective on how English loanwords are changing the structure and the content of the verbal code of Russian culture and the Russian linguistic pictures of the world, as well as on how the latter might change the former. Having used the continuous sampling method, observation method, and synchronic-diachronic approach (lexical semantic analysis, comparative semantic analysis, morphological and quantitative analysis), the authors have allocated and analyzed 487 loanwords, which led to the introduction of three distinguished types of interaction between the verbal code of the Russian language and foreign loanwords. The first interaction type is the process whereby the loanwords adapt semantically to the rules of the host language and culture, which leads to the complete change of a loanword meaning or its modification (15 words). The second interaction type is connected with the loanwords bringing new concepts to a host language and indicating borrowed ideas and objects (270 words). The differentiation of these two interaction types is based on the results of a synchronic and diachronic study of the loanwords in Russian. The analyzed interaction types are linked to the changes in the host language’s verbal code. A concept of a “hybrid linguistic picture of the world” is being introduced as the one constituting the third interaction type (201 words). According to the authors, the hybrid linguistic picture of the world is developing at the current stage of the Russian language and is caused by the process of the morphological adaptation of English loanwords, which is manifested in the production of hybrid words and Russian words being actively substituted by English borrowings.

The unnatural /C ju/ (< foreign /Cy/) sequence in Russian loanwords: A problem for the perceptual view

Loanword adaptation has long proved field as an intriguing object of study. Loanword borrowing often takes place within languages to fill the glossary of the new terminology. The direction of borrowing is primarily linked to the sociolinguistic status of a language in a community. In the scenario of Malaysia, Malay as a national language and English as a global language plays an essential role in the process of loanword adaptation, technologically, culturally and politically. English and Tamil languages have two disparate grammatical elements. Some grammatical rules accepted in English is illicit in Tamil. In particular, consonant clusters in the English language are prohibited in Tamil. Therefore, words borrowed from English into Tamil are subject to choose one of these two contradictory rules, whether adapt the consonant cluster in its authenticity or repairing to satisfy the grammar of the recipient language. The study results show that some borrowed English loan words obey Tamil grammar, while others violate the rules. This raises questions about the adaptation process's possible representational versus phonetic underpinnings. This paper examines the phonetic adaptation of English loanwords in Tamil adaptation, focusing primarily on the process of vowel epenthesis. It finds that the place features of the epenthetic vowel overcome illegal consonant clusters. The paper concludes that the language-specific phonological phenomena are central to this process. Data for this research were obtained from Tamil short stories (2000-2016). Many studies have been conducted to examine loanword adaptation in Malaysian Tamil. However, this study explores the repairing process of phonetic variations in the adapted words.

In this paper we analyzed some of the phonological rules of Russian loanword adaptation in Persian, on the view of Optimal Theory (OT) (Prince and Smolensky, 1993, 2003). It is the first study of phonological process on Russian loanwords adaptation in Persian. By gathering about 50 current Russian loanwords, we selected some of them to analyze. We found out that vowel insertion, vowel prothesis, no palatalized consonants are the phonological processes occur on Russian loanwords in Persian.

Most previous studies related to loanword adaptation have centered on segmental mappings between source and loanword sounds in morphologically simplex words (LaCharite and Paradis, Ling Inq 36:223–258, 2005; Kang, Phonology 20:1–56, 2003). However, few have considered the adaptation of complex words, specifically words made of multiple free morphemes. Examining the adaptation of complex English words into Korean, the present study makes four claims. First, it proposes that each component of a complex word is a unit for loanword adaptation in calculating sound mappings. Second, it suggests that each component word is a stem, whereas a loanword as a whole is categorized as a nominal word in Korean. Third, apparent single-unit adaptation is possible only when the first component allows variable final vowel epenthesis at the end of the first component word; this is analyzed in terms of split-base effects. Fourth, the allophonic realization of phonemes plays a crucial role in loanword adaptation. These claims are empirically supported by loanwords found via the National Academy of Korean Language (NAKL 1991) and Google searching (March–June 2011). Furthermore, this study provides an explicit formalization of the analysis of complex loanwords within Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, Opimality Theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar, 1993). The present study contributes to the literature of loanword phonology by shedding light on several issues. First, the study proposes a model for the adaptation of complex loanwords wherein both morphological structure and the phonetic information of the source language play important roles. There has been intense debate about the effect of input information on loanword adaptation, broadly split between a phonological view (LaCharite and Paradis, Ling Inq 36:223–258, 2005) and a perceptual view (Silverman, Phonology 9:289–328, 1992; Steriade, in: Hume and Johnson (eds.) The role of speech perception in phonology, 2001; Peperkamp and Dupoux, Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 2003). The adaptation of complex English words in Korean supports the perceptual approach, in that the allophone realized in a complex word determines the loanword sound. It also reveals that sound mappings in loanwords are determined by the morphological structure of source words. There has been a discussion about whether the morphosyntactic base is isomorphic to the phonological base (Steriade, Lexical conservatism and the notion base of affixation, 2000). Component-by-component analysis of the apparent single-unit adaptation provides support for the existence of a split-base effect as well as for the lexical conservatism proposed by Steriade (Lexical conservatism and the notion base of affixation, 2000). Finally, it makes a contribution to evaluation of the internal structure and morphological category of complex loanwords, which has been rarely considered in the literature on loanword phonology.

The aim of this study is to analyze the main tendencies prevailing in the orthographic, phonological, morphological as well as semantic adaptation of loanwords of English origin that entered the Russian language in the past two and a half decades, i.e. between the mid-1980s and now. Fully adapted English borrowings are excluded from the analysis, the aim of which is to give a detailed account of the dynamics of the borrowing process and ways in which borrowing mechanisms work. In addition to the linguistic description of the data, it is essential to discuss the role of monolingual and bilingual speakers in borrowing (the social background that initiates and determines the adoption of English loanwords), along with the sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic aspects of the process. The latter include the description of motivations (i.e. which non-linguistic factors affect and explain the influx of elements of English origin). The main emphasis of the paper is on the linguistic analysis of English borrowings in a contact linguistic and lexicological framework.

The article examines the semantic adaptation of Spanish loanwords in modern Russian. The present subject exhibits unique scholarly merit owing to the previous lack of comprehensive study. A comparative analysis of the semantic systems of the source and recipient languages is undertaken, with a focus on semantic shifts in Spanish borrowings, their causative factors, recurring patterns, as well as the integration into the lexicon of the recipient language. In the course of the research, a comprehensive array of lexicographical resources was utilized, encompassing academic dictionaries of the Russian language, explanatory dictionaries, and a substantial collection of dictionaries of foreign words from various publication years. Additionally, materials from the National Corpus of the Russian Language were employed. The complex dataset allowed the author to illustrate the presence and diachronic semantic assimilation of Spanish loanwords, influenced by multiple factors. The present study draws upon the methodologies of component and contextual analysis. Consequently, the author identifies three tendencies in the semantic development of Spanish borrowings in the process of their functioning in modern Russian. Firstly, words maintain their status of exoticisms, exhibiting no lexical adaptation or expansion of semantics. Secondly, words evolve metaphorical meanings, as evidenced by the lexeme “hurricane” being used to describe a person of explosive character. Thirdly, the meaning broadens beyond its original scope in the source language. For instance, the Spanish term “armada” in modern Russian can denote not only a set of ships but also airplanes, tanks, and even a group of people.

The following study compares the processes of borrowing foreign words and concepts in the Russian and Chinese languages. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the features of English loanwords since the lexicon of social networks and mass media is dynamic and much more often replenished with new concepts from the English language, which is currently a universal means of international communication. The study’s relevance is due to the increased interest in understanding the processes of change in modern languages ​​of different systems under the influence of globalization, a comparison of the processes of borrowing in languages, taking into account the national specifics of the language. The study provides a detailed review of scientific sources and literature, describes the research methods, and also provides the results of a comparative analysis of modern Russian and Chinese speech and highlights the main layer of borrowed vocabulary. The discussion section proves that the main functions of borrowing foreign words coincide in both Chinese and Russian due to the strong position of the English language in the period of globalization as a means of international communication. Keywords: loanwords, Russian language, Chinese language, English loanwords, comparative study.

Leksičke značajke deseteračkih dvostiha u tiskanim zapisima Slavka Jankovića i rukopisnoj ostavštini Luke Lukića

English Loanwords in Russian

English Loanwords in Russian and Croatian and Their Integration Into the Word-Formation Processes

This paper discusses the adaptation strategies when the Kelantan dialect speakers borrow words from English. It also discusses the findings for loanwords approach. There are three approaches to account for the adaptation and processing of sound-based loanwords namely Perception, Phonology or Perception-Phonology Approaches. In order to examine and determine which approach of adaption can satisfactorily account for the adaptation processes in the Kelantan dialect of Malay, the source of input is examined. Data for this research were obtained from two sources: a previous study from Shapri (1980) and observations which were carried out in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. There were 113 and 55 words from Shapri (1980) and from observation, respectively, as used for this study. Data analysis shows that four adaptation strategies were applied in the Kelantan dialect of Malay. These are consonant substitution, consonant deletion, debuccalisation, vowel epenthesis and final consonant clusters simplification. Considering the source of input and the adaptation strategies, the adaptation process in Kelantan Malay dialect is mostly phonological. Hence, this proves that the phonological Approach could better explain how English loanwords are processed in the Kelantan Malay dialect. The discussion on English loanword adaptation strategies has its implications to Malay grammar and future phonological theory. Some phonological patterns occur in the Kelantan Malay dialect whereas they are not formally stated and have never been discussed in the phonological system of the dialect. Keywords: loanwords adaptation; Malay; Kelantan Malay dialect; English; phonology

The article is devoted to the study of the process of borrowing and adaptation of English loan words in the Ukrainian language. It is established that in the lexical system of the Ukrainian language foreign words make up about 10%, 70 – 80% of which are English loan words. The presence of a significant share of English loan words in the Ukrainian language is due to a number of extra- and intralinguistic factors: the development of economic, cultural and political ties; quantitative and qualitative complication of various spheres of language communication; diversity of norms of speech behavior; expansion of regulatory limits; achievements of English-speaking countries in certain fields of activity; striving for linguistic economy; the need to replenish the composition of expressive language means; the need to clarify and detail the concepts available in the language; «Americanization»; imitation of fashion. The study systematizes English loan words in the Ukrainian language and distributes them by spheres of use (sociopolitical, financial and economic, culture and art, technical, mass communication, sports, science, and education). Three stages in the process of adaptation of English loan words into the Ukrainian language are distinguished: 1) the initial stage, which is characterized by a change in the morpheme structure of English loan words; 2) in-depth, related to the selection of the same components in groups of English loan words based on the similarity of final elements and the development of new suffixes of English origin in the Ukrainian language; 3) the stage of full adaptation, which is characterized by participation of English loan words in the process of word formation through the mediation of Ukrainian language suffixes, the formation of new complex words based on English loan words and Ukrainian or previously borrowed words, as well as the consolidation of the spelling form of complex words. It is established that the inclusion of English loan words in the lexical structure of the Ukrainian language and their active use in oral and written speech leads to the formation of synonymous pairs containing proper Ukrainian counterparts.

It is one of the most highly debated issues in loanword phonology whether loanword adaptations are phonologically or phonetically driven. This paper addresses this issue and aims at demonstrating that only the acceptance of both a phonological as well as a phonetic approximation stance can adequately account for the data found in Japanese. This point will be exemplified with the adaptation of German and French mid front rounded vowels in Japanese. It will be argued that the adaptation of German /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /e/ is phonologically grounded, whereas the adaptation of French /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /u/ is phonetically grounded. This asymmetry in the adaptation process of German and French mid front rounded vowels and further examples of loans in Japanese lead to the only conclusion that both strategies of loanword adaptation occur in languages. It will be shown that not only perception, but also the influence of orthography, of conventions and the knowledge of the source language play a role in the adaptation process.&#x0D;

This article compares an extensive collection of English loanwords into Korean with a corpus of perceptual responses to English productions by Korean students of English in Korea. The analysis selects ten obstruents situated in four prosodic contexts: initial, final, and pre- and poststress intervocalic positions. Analyses compare the mapping of the obstruents onto Korean categories in the two databases, finding a strong logistic relationship between them, which indicates a process of loanword adaptation as a regularization of the cross-language perception patterns. This conclusion is also supported by differences in the maps across the prosodic positions, wherein loanword differences are correlated with perceptual differences, and by the fact that loanword adaptations are more variable for consonants that do not have a very robust perceptual map. The data, however, also exhibit exceptional cases that apparently indicate effects of a historical lexicalization of individual forms, as well as of an explicit sociocultural standard. Thus, loanword adaptation in this case, though largely indicative of a perceptual base, is more than just synchronic perception.