”Länsieurooppalaiseksi” yhteistyökumppaniksi – Maakuva Suomen tiede- ja teknologiadiplomatiassa Japaniin 1987–1997

The article examines the main areas of the scientific and technological cooperation between the two countries, including both already developed areas and potential areas of cooperation. Scientific and technical innovation is one of the most promising areas of cooperation between China and Russia in the modern era, it determines the future development of the two countries and affects the improvement of the living standards of the two peoples. Special attention is paid to the necessity for deepening this interaction, as well as to the significance and prospects for development of the Chinese-Russian scientific and technological innovative cooperation. The research and innovative path of China and Russia is supported by the governments and scientific and technical circles of the two countries. There has been active engagement between National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research in various fields. The author’s view on possible ways and directions of development in the scientific and technical cooperation between the two countries is presented in the text. China and Russia have defined the direction of future scientific and technological cooperation already applied it in practice. They have outlined a wide range of prospects for future collaboration. It is believed that scientific and technological cooperation in the field of new artificial intelligence technologies, such as health care and telemedicine, will become an important area of the Sino-Russian cooperation in the field of scientific and technological innovation in the future.

In the late 1970s, after the tumultuous period of the Cultural Revolution, the policy of the government of the People’s Republic of China (prc) in terms of scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation with the United States changed from rejection and exclusion to active participation and promotion. In this process, ideas and views played an important role. The outlook of the Chinese leadership and particularly Deng Xiaoping on science redefined China’s national interests, turning the promotion of Sino-U.S. science and technology cooperation into an active policy of the Chinese government. During the 1970s, the two countries conducted large-scale intergovernmental cooperation in the field of civil science and technology, signed the agreement on scientific and technological cooperation and dozens of memorandums of understanding and protocols, and finally, in 1979, established a long-term scientific and technological cooperation system. The article explores Sino-American relations through the prism of scientific and technological cooperation, showing how this contributed to creating long-term friendly relations beyond other high politics issues.

Ensuring security in the Arctic in various areas and the need for a better understanding of the natural processes occurring in this region require intensification of scientific and technological cooperation, which opens up opportunities for closer interaction to solve other problems, for example, environmental protection, adaptation to climate change, safe maritime navigation and so on. Scientific and technological cooperation in the Arctic is carried out in various formats. The Arctic Council continues to play a peculiar coordinating role in international scientific cooperation, which has proposed various initiatives related to the development of scientific cooperation. The author emphasizes the implementation of scientific cooperation in the context of the scientific diplomacy development as an integral process in the information society, when scientific data is important for diplomatic activity, when diplomacy provides conditions for the development of international scientific cooperation, and finally, when science affects the vectors of cooperation, ensuring the solution of problems in various areas. Particular attention is given to the analysis of the 2017 Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, since the problems existing in the Arctic region require coordinated and carefully planned collective actions. Issues related to the types of research activities, the specifics of the spatial scope of the Agreement and access to the established geographical areas are considered. Finally, some conclusions are proposed regarding the assessment of the Agreement. The agreement improves the quality of the legal environment for all 8 Arctic states simultaneously in terms of scientific cooperation, taking into account the relevant provisions of international law, including those related to marine scientific research.

The paper deals with theoretical, legal and institutional issues of international scientific and technological cooperation (STC). The analysis of the current state of international scientific and technological cooperation is preceded by several statements characterizing the conditions in which such cooperation is developing. The author considers the features of international agreements on STC and prospects for cooperation in terms of international legal forms of scientific and trechnological cooperation. At present, the importance of legal norms regulating international scientific and technological cooperation in the system of international law is the subject of debate. It seems that STC issues are not limited to the sphere of economic cooperation, but also cover the issues of security, development of scientific research, role in solving global problems, for example, environmental or food, the protection of human rights. The objective need for the development of scientific cooperation determines the interest in its organizational forms. Since most of STC is carried out on the basis of bilateral agreements, the paper presents a more detailed description thereof. They have similar features in terms of defining principles, priorities, economic and organizational conditions, forms of cooperation, mechanisms of implementation. The conclusion of agreements on STC is aimed at implementing science policy through the development of research capacity and creation of the environment for cooperation in scientific and technological sphere. In general, international scientific and technological cooperation, taking into account the Russian experience, can develop in several directions. First, the coordination direction, as it happened within the CIS and led to the active development of bilateral relations. Secondly, the development of integration cooperation within the EAEU. Thirdly, a special format of cooperation within the BRICS.

Современный этап развития мировой экономической системы ознаменовывается нарастающим кризисом мировой технологической и торговой монополии США и формированием новых центров сил в лице Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики. Такое положение дел актуализирует вопрос развития многостороннего сотрудничества, и в первоочередном порядке — вопрос научно-технического сотрудничества и трансферта технологий для обеспечения эффективной защиты внешним вызовам и угрозам со стороны оппонентов (США, ЕС). Благодаря устойчивому росту национальной экономики Китая и накопленному научному опыту России возможно построение перспективной инновационной цифровой экосистемы, которая позволит сформировать собственную парадигму поведения в цифровой экономике и обеспечить благополучное развитие 4IR-общества. Научная статья направлена на изучение особенностей и перспективы научно-технического сотрудничества России и Китая в цифровой экономике с учетом стратегических политических и экономических интересов каждой из стран. Ведущими методами к исследованию данной проблемы являются общенаучные (качественно-логический анализ, дедукция, системный подход, ретроспективный анализ,) и философские методы, позволяющие комплексно рассмотреть вопрос оценки влияния рисков и угроз человеческого капитала на показатели экономической безопасности промышленного бизнеса. В статье раскрыт понятийный аппарат научно-технического сотрудничества и дан его критический анализ, проведен компаративный анализ моделей реализации международного научно-технического сотрудничества в отечественной и зарубежной практике, дана оценка количественным результатам международного научнотехнического сотрудничества РФ и КНР за 2015–2019 гг., аргументированно обоснованы перспективные точки развития научно-технического сотрудничества стран в новом десятилетии. Материалы статьи представляют практическую ценность для сотрудников НИИ, управляющих объектами инновационной инфраструктуры, государственных служащих, ответственных за науку и инновации, а также международное сотрудничество стран. The modern stage of the world economic system development is marked by the growing crisis of the global technological and trade monopoly of the U.S. and the formation of new centers of power in the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. This situation actualizes the issue of multilateral cooperation development, and in the priority order – the issue of scientific and technological cooperation and technology transfer to ensure effective protection against external challenges and threats from the opponents (USA, EU). Thanks to the sustainable growth of China's national economy and the accumulated scientific experience of Russia, it is possible to build a promising innovation digital ecosystem, which will form its own paradigm of behavior in the digital economy and ensure the pros-perous development of the 4IR society. The research paper aims to study the specifics and prospects of scientific and technological cooperation between Russia and China in the digital economy, taking into account strategic political and economic interests of each country. The leading methods to study this problem are general scientific (qualitative-logical analysis, deduction, systematic approach, retrospective analysis) and philosophical methods, allowing a comprehensive review of the impact of risks and threats to human capital on economic security indicators of industrial business. The article reveals the conceptual apparatus of scientific and technological cooperation and gives its critical analysis, a comparative analysis of models of implementation of international scientific and technological cooperation in domestic and foreign practice is conducted, the quantitative results of international scientific and technological cooperation between Russia and China for 2015–2019 are evaluated, the perspective points of development of scientific and technological cooperation in the new decade are substantiated. The materials of the article are of practical value for the employees of research institutes, managers of innovation infrastructure facilities, government officials responsible for science and innovation, as well as international cooperation of the countries.

The article evaluates science sectors and effectiveness of scientific research in the countries forming the BRICS group, as well as the current state of scientific and technological cooperation among the group members. The science sectors of the countries under consideration differ markedly, while facing similar problems relating to government regulations and external environments. The differences exist in total expenditures on research and development (as a share of GNP), in the scope of governmental funding (large in Russia and India, but small in China), and in the distribution of allocations among various areas and types of R&D activities. China appears to have the most well-adjusted science sector among the BRICS members. It includes not only strong universities but also high-tech companies that invest actively into research and development. The overall impact (inferred from citation indexes) of fundamental and exploratory research performed in BRICS countries remains low. BRICS's scientists prefer to collaborate with their colleagues from the world-leading countries rather than with their fellows from BRICS. Yet, in contrast to the world trend, in all BRICS countries, except Russia, a share of internationally co-authored publications is now decreasing. BRICS members have more similar interests and priorities in technological development, including infrastructural and large technological projects, than in science. Currently, bilateral cooperation in technology prevails, while the projects involving all members of the group still remain at the stage of preliminary evaluation and discussion. Russia cooperates most closely with China and India, including joint projects in such high-priority directions as new materials, photonics, biomedical, space and information technologies. For Russia, cooperation in technological development appears to be of most interest because it can lead not only to introduction of new technologies but also help to create large Russian innovative companies. Development of successful multilateral cooperation in science and technology among the BRICS members is the key for this group, originally formed for geopolitical reasons, to evolve into an effective economic union.

The present work is devoted to the analysis of problems in development of international scientific and technical cooperation between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member-states. Among the main factors that determine the development of scientific and technological sphere, the most important are legal factors, the detailed analysis of which is presented for each member state of Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The study of legal factors hindering the development of scientific and technological cooperation is based on the peculiarities of national legal regulation of scientific and innovation activity and the shortcomings of international agreements within the SCO. The authors identify both internal and external legal factors that influence the development of international scientific and technological collaboration. The authors consider the state of legal regulation of national science and technology policy and the legal status of organizations involved in the development of science as internal legal factors. External legal factors include the existence of bilateral treaties between the countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization regulating scientific and technological cooperation, as well as the content of multilateral treaties on scientific and technological cooperation between all member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that it is necessary to harmonize the national legislation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization countries on the issues of legal regulation of scientific and technological cooperation, as well as to consolidate at the international level the legal mechanisms for implementation of certain aspects of cooperation in the scientific and technological fields.

Introduction. Under current conditions, it is necessary to specify the priorities of scientific and technological cooperation, both thematic and geographical, to develop an approach to the search for and selection of partners. The article analyzes the existing forms of scientific and technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries within the framework of the EAEU. The analysis comprises the following areas of cooperation: an integrated scientific and technological space; joint use of scientific infrastructure; interstate research projects, programs and their financing; digital platforms; exchange of scientific information and popularization of science. The article specifically focuses on the cooperation in the field of intellectual property. Particular attention is paid in the article to intellectual property interactions. Methods. General theoretical methods (analysis, generalization and systemic approach) and private scientific methods (formal-legal, method of interpretation of rules of law) were used. Results and Discussion. The article sets the directions for the development of cooperation between Russia and foreign countries in the scientific and technical sphere, which would make it possible to increase the effectiveness of such cooperation. Regulatory legal acts and treaties by areas of cooperation were systematized in order to assess their coverage of all areas of cooperation. The authors note the poorly developed system for planning the results of international scientific and technical cooperation, and indicators to assess its performance. Conclusion. The key areas of cooperation classified by the implementation horizon into tactical and strategic. Specification for scientific organizations and universities of the tasks and results of international scientific, technological and educational cooperation promotes the effectiveness of such interaction and the national interests of the country.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена современными тенденциями глобализации мировой экономики, необходимостью динамичного развития научно-технологического сотрудничества Российской Федерации со странами БРИКС. В связи этим, представленная статья посвящена формированию ключевых доминант и векторов реализации механизмов научно-технологического сотрудничества стран БРИКС. Достижению поставленной в статье цели способствовало решение последовательной цепочки практических задач: от анализа особенностей государственной поддержки отечественных предприятий, а также определения факторов, влияющих реализацию ими инновационных проектов, до обоснования ожидаемых экономических и социальных результатов реализации механизмов научно-технологического сотрудничества стран БРИКС. В статье отдельно акцентировано внимание на том, что особая роль при реализации исследуемых механизмов отводится инструментам создания, импорта и внедрения результатов научно-технологического сотрудничества. Исходя из этого, страны БРИКС должны разработать систему трансфера технологий и политику развития интеллектуальной собственности, которая будет отвечать потребностям, ресурсам и текущему уровню социально-экономического развития государств. Материалы статьи представляют практическую ценность и могут быть использованы при разработке государственной политики, проектов государственно-частного партнерства, касающихся научно-технологического сотрудничества, так как детализируют целевые ориентиры и векторы реализации механизмов его развития (нормативно- правовых, организационно-экономических, финансово-ресурсных, информационно-методических). The relevance of the study is due to the current trends in the globalization of the world economy, the need for the dynamic development of scientific and technological cooperation between the Russian Federation and the BRICS countries. In this regard, the presented article is devoted to the formation of key dominants and vectors for the implementation of mechanisms scientific and technological cooperation of the BRICS countries. The achievement of the goal set in the article was facilitated by solving a sequential chain of practical tasks: from analyzing the specifics of state support for domestic enterprises, as well as identifying factors affecting their implementation of innovative projects to substantiating the expected economic and social results of the implementation of scientific and technological cooperation mechanisms of the BRICS countries. The article separately focuses on the fact that a special role in the implementation of the investigated mechanisms is assigned to the tools for creating, importing and implementing the results of scientific and technological cooperation. Based on this, the BRICS countries should develop a technology transfer system and a policy for the development of intellectual property that will meet the needs, resources and the current level of socio-economic development of states. The materials of the article are of practical value and can be used in the development of public policy, public-private partnership projects related to scientific and technological cooperation, since I detail the target guidelines and vectors for the implementation of mechanisms for its development (regulatory, organizational, economic, financial and resource, informational and methodological).

The study presents the results of a study of possible areas of Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation, covering key sectors — from IT and telecommunications to industry and space technologies. The importance of strategic partnership between Russia and China in science and technology is emphasized, and the most promising areas for creating joint Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological consortiums are highlighted. Among them are artificial intelligence (AI), medicine, biotechnology, new materials and quantum computing. It is noted that China occupies a leading position in the world in terms of investment in AI, the number of patents and the implementation of machine learning algorithms in industry and everyday life. The key complementary competencies of the parties have been identified, where Russia’s fundamental research and unique technological groundwork are effectively combined with China’s strength in applied development, scaling, and commercialization. This synergy creates a foundation for breakthrough cooperation in priority areas for global scientific and technological leadership, such as AI, biomedicine, quantum computing, and new materials engineering. Russian and Chinese scientists could work together to create carbon nanomaterials for use in electronics, the aviation and space industries, and in medicine. The study concludes on the impact of Russian-­Chinese scientific and technological cooperation on the Russian economy, including reduced dependence on Western technology, access to Chinese investment, production capacity, and markets for high-­tech products. This is especially important in the context of sanctions pressure. In addition, it is noted that the economic effect of cooperation will be manifested in the growth of trade in high-­tech goods and an increase in the number of joint ventures. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the creation of Russian-­Chinese scientific consortiums in the specified areas is capable of not only strengthening the technological independence of the two countries, but also bringing them to the forefront of the global scientific and technical agenda.

Accurate risk assessment of international scientific and technological (S&T) cooperation is significant to international cooperation. In this paper, 5 risk dimensions with respect to the political, economic, social, cultural as well as technological of the regional comprehensive economic partnership countries (RCEP) are selected to establish a proper S&T cooperation index system for risk assessment. To calculate the weight of each index, a cross-entropy combination weighting method is proposed based on the combination weighting method of game theory. Furthermore, the standard cloud model is constructed by using the golden ratio, and the risk of S&T cooperation among the RCEP countries is analyzed by the cloud model. The results show that the combination weighting method proposed in this paper is effective, and its calculation is simpler than that of the game theory combination weighting method. Besides, compared with political, social, cultural, and technological indicators, economic indicators have a greater impact on S&T cooperation risk. Furthermore, it is also obtained from the results that the risk of S&T cooperation with China and the Philippines is at a lower to low level and medium to higher level, respectively, and the risk of S&T cooperation with other countries is all at a lower to medium level.

Background. The Republic of Abkhazia has a high natural and climatic potential for the development of fisheries and aquaculture, which creates a reliable basis for its cooperation with the Russian Federation in the field of fisheries. Relevance. The analysis of the efforts of these two countries in the field of fisheries is relevant for the further advancement of their cooperation and can facilitate the sustainable development of fisheries and aquaculture, as well as rational and economically efficient use of aquatic resources in the Southeastern Black Sea. The aim of this work is to give an overview of the dynamics of the fisheries activities conducted by the Republic of Abkhazia over the past decade and to present the results of its international cooperation with the Russian Federation undertaken within the scope of the Intergovernmental Russian-Abkhazian Fisheries Commission in 2011-2024. Methods. The analysis of the developmental indices of the fisheries of the Republic of Abkhazia and the provisions of the sessions of the Russian-Abkhazian Fisheries Commission in the context of implementation of its decisions has been conducted. Results. The achievements in the main avenues of scientific, technological, educational, and economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Abkhazia in the field of fisheries are shown. Eight sessions of the Commission have been conducted, under the auspices of which the scientific and technological cooperation between fisheries organizations of Russia and Abkhazia in the area of multidisciplinary ecological and fisheries research has been envisioned and implemented, annual catches of anchovy during its wintering in the waters of the Republic of Abkhazia have been coordinated, operating conditions of the Russian fishing vessels in the Abkhazian sea waters have been established, and the Fishing Regulations for the waters of the Republic of Abkhazia have been developed in compliance with the provisions and articles of the Russian Fishing Regulations for the Azov and Black Sea Fishery Basin. Conclusion. Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Abkhazia in the field of fisheries has a significant potential for deepening and development.

Diplomats in Science Diplomacy: Promoting Scientific and Technological Collaboration in International Relations**

In today's world, a new round of technological and industrial revolutions have changed the economic structure and the pattern of international competition, and the formation of an international consensus has been promoted by scientific and technological means. In the process of reshaping the world's innovation landscape, China has become an important participant in global scientific and technological cooperation. This paper studies the data mining technology of data fusion information entropy and applies it to international scientific and technological cooperation to improve the level of cooperation in key areas where China has scientific and technological advantages or needs, which can enhance China's scientific, and technological discourse power and appeal. The main research content of this paper is the application research of data fusion combined with data mining technology in international scientific and technological cooperation. Taking the high-speed rail going global cooperation project as an example, the number of scientific and technical personnel in the cooperation project and the scope of professional disciplines designed by the project are analyzed. Among the number of scientific and technical personnel, the number of quality inspection technicians at home and abroad is the largest, accounting for 26.62% of the total team, indicating that the quality inspection technicians play an important role; in the distribution of disciplines, high-speed rail is involved. Design majors and engineering majors have the largest number of people, with 45 and 31 people respectively, indicating that in the future, similar cooperation projects should vigorously cultivate talents in engineering design technology.

Technological cooperation or competition? optimal strategies of incumbent and entrant in ICT markets