LLM-as-a-judge is bad, based on AI attempting the exam qualifying for the member of the Polish National Board of Appeal

In Denmark, administrative decisions may be reviewed by the administration, by the Parliamentary Ombudsman, or by the judiciary. Characteristic of administrative review is the large number of sector-specific administrative boards of appeal that review administrative decisions across the public sector. A consequence of this characteristic is that administrative review is in practice the rule and judicial review the exception. The chapter analyzes data from three large national boards of appeal and concludes that when it comes to effectiveness, administrative review is on a par with judicial review. In contrast, the paper demonstrates an “effectiveness deficit” as regards the effectiveness of decisions made in first instance as all three boards overrule a large number of decisions. As regards ADR, no general framework has been introduced, but the existing legal framework does not preclude ADR techniques to be introduced in the administration. The chapter analyzes two situations where ADR has been introduced and calls for a thorough debate before such measures are introduced.

Popular interest in changes in the federal government centers in prohibition enforcement, and in the organization of prisons and parole in the Department of Justice. A National Board of Parole, well paid by government standards, is recognizing the problem of federal prisoners. The foreing services of the United States are developing; Congress added and Agricultural Foreign Service. Nineteen-thirty was a short legislative year for the states, but it was not barren of interesting governmental changes. In state government the Utah legislature proposed to the people a constitutional amendment to set up a Department of Finance under a Tax Commission, and Massachusetts established an administrative court, a Board of Tax Appeals, to pass on tax disputes. New York created a new well-paid Parole Board; and extended the control of the public authority over holding and management of public utility companies. In the regulation of air commerce the need for co-operation between federal and state governments finds a peculiarly appropriate field, and another example is the effort to create a national net to catch criminals through co-operation of state bureaus with one another and with the national bureau at Washington.

The regulation of the legal nature of an appeal proceeding or a judgment crowning the proceeding is ambiguous and unclear. The National Appeals Chamber which issues a judgment decides upon the validity of a contract, the obligations of the contracting authority, financial penalties, and, indirectly, the actions taken by contractors. The influence of such decisions is of theoretical and practical significance and justifies an analysis presented in the paper. Thus the constitutive features of judgments handed down by a public administration body have been analysed and compared with typical forms of law enforcement (judicial decisions of the common courts, decisions issued by arbitration courts and individual administrative decisions). The latter have been given particular attention. The deliberations were based on the position of the doctrine of the law on public procurements, provisions of civil law and administrative law, as well as judicial decisions and judgments issued by the National Appeals Chamber. These were then analysed in the light of normative regulations of the Act on Public Procurements. The analysis revealed a multitude of problems resulting from the adoption by the legislature of atypical forms of action by the National Board of Appeal. The analysis provides the basis for further research aimed to create a coherent system regulating public procurements to ensure its proper functioning and to reduce the possibility of further interpretative problems.

The regulation of the legal nature of an appeal proceeding or a judgment crowning the proceeding is ambiguous and unclear. The National Appeals Chamber which issues a judgment decides upon the validity of a contract, the obligations of the contracting authority, financial penalties, and, indirectly, the actions taken by contractors. The influence of such decisions is of theoretical and practical significance and justifies an analysis presented in the paper. Thus the constitutive features of judgments handed down by a public administration body have been analysed and compared with typical forms of law enforcement (judicial decisions of the common courts, decisions issued by arbitration courts and individual administrative decisions). The latter have been given particular attention. The deliberations were based on the position of the doctrine of the law on public procurements, provisions of civil law and administrative law, as well as judicial decisions and judgments issued by the National Appeals Chamber. These were then analysed in the light of normative regulations of the Act on Public Procurements. The analysis revealed a multitude of problems resulting from the adoption by the legislature of atypical forms of action by the National Board of Appeal. The analysis provides the basis for further research aimed to create a coherent system regulating public procurements to ensure its proper functioning and to reduce the possibility of further interpretative problems.

This article examines cases of interaction between the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Denmark (Folkekirken) and the municipalities through analysis of the municipal administrative management of three forms of pro- tection of church buildings with speci c attention to cases, where the municipal decisions have been brought forward to the national board of appeal. e article discusses these cases through the perspective of govern- ance, which enables a discussion of how this speci c religious institution navigates this speci c dimension of a secular, political and administrative context.