Living Cell-Metal Cyborg Microalgae for Treating MRSA Infection.

Nanotechnology offers promising new avenues for combating drug-resistant pathogens. Given its antioxidant capacity, the water-soluble fraction of Brazilian kefir was hypothesized to serve as an effective reducing agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). It was further hypothesized that both the entire fraction (WSF) and the < 10 kDa fraction AgNPs would augment the therapeutic effects of kefir, particularly its antimicrobial activity. The successful synthesis was confirmed through the use of UV-Visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared analyses. WSF-AgNPs demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 25 µg/mL against A. baumannii (p < 0.0001) and 50 µg/mL against K. pneumoniae (p < 0.0001). Although no toxicity was observed in long-term tests on adult Drosophila melanogaster, AgNPs intake impaired larvae development. Oxidative stress analysis showed mild oxidative imbalance on advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), sulfhydryl, and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents, with no alterations observed in reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and catalase (CAT) activity. These findings suggest that kefir-derived AgNPs may have potential for combating drug-resistant infections. Future studies should focus on enhancing specificity through compound conjugation and investigating broader applications, including disinfectants, wound healing, and antibiotic development.

The significant disability and fatality rate of diabetes chronic wounds necessitates the development of efficient diabetic wound healing techniques. The present oxygen treatments for wound healing is restricted by issues such as poor penetration, inadequate supply, and absorption difficulties as well as tanglesome diabetic wound microenvironment issues such as hyperglycemia, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hypoxia. Herein, we designed a multifunctional glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT) nanoenzyme-chitosan (GCNC) hydrogel complex to improve the microenvironment of diabetic wounds and provide continuous oxygen delivery for efficient wound healing. By simultaneously forming the GOx-CAT nanoenzyme (GCNE) composite, the GCNC hydrogel complex could effectively reduce glucose and ROS (H2O2) concentrations in diabetic wounds through cascade catalytic reactions and achieve continuous oxygen supply, which promoted cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, thereby accelerating diabetic wound healing. In addition, the byproduct gluconic acid produced by the cascade reaction can activate the amino group of chitosan to reinforce the antibacterial performance and prevent microbial infection. This multifunctional GCNC hydrogel complex with continuous oxygen supply, self-reinforcing antibacterial properties, and byproduct-free features provides a general strategy for repairing the extensive tissue damage in diabetes.

Nanotechnology has become the foremost promising and rising field of analysis as a result of its applications in numerous fields. Development of consistent and greener ways for the synthesis of nanoparticles could be a dynamic step in the field of nanotechnology. To avoid the emergence of dangerous by-products, many attempts have been made in recent years to develop environment friendly methods. “Green” synthesis is a consistent, sustainable, and environment friendly method for the synthesis of an enormous range of nanoparticles. Green synthesis is seen as an important tool to reduce the harmful effects of traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods commonly used in laboratories and industries. Nanoparticles exhibit unique chemical and physical properties that are useful in various fields. Among metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles have become a research hotspot due to their wide range of applications. Silver nanoparticles are important because of their exceptional chemical, physical, and biological properties. Because of these unique characteristics, silver nanoparticles have numerous applications and are used as antifungal, antiviral, and antibacterial agents. They have an excellent catalytic effect on dye degradation, are very good antioxidants, and can be used to treat various diseases and exhibit wound-healing activities. The current review complies with the database of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts, bacteria, and fungi, which have potential applications in fields of science, health, textiles, food packaging, agriculture, and environment. The review also highlights the application of silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agents. The knowledge on silver nanoparticle production conditions, properties, molecular mechanisms, and applications will be of great help for researchers to explore more applications of nanoparticles in fields that are still untouched.

Skin, our first interface to the external environment, is subjected to oxidative stress caused by a variety of factors such as solar ultraviolet, infrared and visible light, environmental pollution, including ozone and particulate matters, and psychological stress. Excessive reactive species, including reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, exacerbate skin pigmentation and aging, which further lead to skin tone unevenness, pigmentary disorder, skin roughness and wrinkles. Besides these, skin microbiota are also a very important factor ensuring the proper functions of skin. While environmental factors such as UV and pollutants impact skin microbiota compositions, skin dysbiosis results in various skin conditions. In this review, we summarize the generation of oxidative stress from exogenous and endogenous sources. We further introduce current knowledge on the possible roles of oxidative stress in skin pigmentation and aging, specifically with emphasis on oxidative stress and skin pigmentation. Meanwhile, we summarize the science and rationale of using three well-known antioxidants, namely vitamin C, resveratrol and ferulic acid, in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Finally, we discuss the strategy for preventing oxidative stress-induced skin pigmentation and aging.

Ultrasmall Fe-doped carbon dots nanozymes for photoenhanced antibacterial therapy and wound healing

Drug carriers endowed with photothermal effects will allow the drug delivery system to release drugs in a thermal-stimuli manner. In addition, the photothermal therapy (PTT) will also interplay with therapeutic drugs loaded in the carrier to exhibit synergistic bioactivity for various disease treatment. However, endowing the drug carrier with photothermal and synergistic therapeutic effects still has challenge. Herein, we demonstrate that surface modification of porous silicon (PSi) with polydopamine (PDA) could endow the classical drug carrier with a significant photothermal effect for advanced antibacterial therapy and wound disinfection. Specifically, the PSi surface interacts with a Cu2+/PDA complex via a simple and fast surface reduction-induced deposition method, forming the unique CuPDA coated PSi microcarrier (CuPPSi) without blocking the mesoporous structure. The CuPPSi carrier generates a higher near-infrared (NIR) photothermal efficiency and improved drug loading capacity owing to the abundant functional groups of PDA. Stimuli-responsive release of antibacterial Cu2+ and loaded curcumin (Cur) from CuPPSi can be realized under multiple stimuli including pH, reactive oxygen species and NIR laser irradition. Benefited from the carrier's intrinsic multimodal therapy, the CuPPSi-Cur platform exhibits amplified, broad-spectrum, and synergistic antibacterial effect, killing more than 98% for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at a mild PTT temperature (∼45 °C). Notably, the combined therapy promotes migration of fibroblasts with no significant cytotoxicity as revealed through cell experiments in vitro. In bacteria-infected mice model, efficient bacterial ablation and wound healing are further demonstrated with negligible side effects in vivo. Overall, the rational design of a drug carrier with photothermal and therapeutic effects provides a novel intervention for amplifing wound disinfection clinically.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using hydroalcoholic root extract of Potentilla fulgens and evaluation of its cutaneous wound healing potential

These days, research in agriculture is focusing on the theme of sustainability along with protection of agriculture produce. Nanotechnology in the agriculture sector aims for the enhancement of agricultural produce and the reduction of pesticides through providing innovative agrochemical agents and their novel delivery mechanisms. The current investigation involved the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the aqueous leaf extract of Melia azedarach by following a microwave-assisted method to control Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of tomato wilt. Biosynthesized Melia leaf extract (MLE)-AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. The intensity of the peak at 434 nm in UV-vis spectra, attributed to the surface plasmon resonance of MLE-AgNPs, changes with reaction parameters. TEM exhibits spherical shaped nanoparticles with an average particle size range from 12 to 46 nm. Efficient inhibition of F. oxysporum, the causal agent of tomato wilt, was achieved after exposure to MLE-AgNPs both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro studies exhibited repressed fungal mycelial growth with 79–98% inhibition as compared to the control. Significant increases in growth parameters of tomato seedlings were observed after treatment with biosynthesized nanoparticles as compared to F. oxysporum-infected plants grown without them under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, SEM imaging was done to reveal the prominent damage on the cell wall of hyphae and spores after MLE-AgNP treatment. Propidium iodide (PI) staining of mycelium indicated the extent of cell death, causing irretrievable damage and disintegration of cellular membranes by altering the membrane permeability. Also, 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence specifies intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in F. oxysporum after treatment with MLE-AgNPs. The current investigation suggested that biosynthesized nanoparticles can revolutionize the field of plant pathology by introducing an environment-friendly approach for disease management and playing a potential part in agriculture industry. However, to date, little work has been done to integrate nanotechnology into phytopathology so, this area of research is in need of adoption and exploration for the management of plant diseases.

Background: The implication of nanotechnology includes silver nanoparticles to medical sciences, and has a revolutionary impact on therapeutic and diagnostics management. Many studies reported that silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) application can accelerate the wound healing process. This study aimed to systematically review the biological activities of silver nanoparticles as a wound-healing agent. Subjects and Method: This article was a systematic review study conducted by searching for articles from online databases such as EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, and World Scientific. Populations: laboratory animals; Intervention: green synthesis of silver nanoparticles; Comparison: a standard ointment for wounds such as povidone-iodine, etc; Outcome: wound healing. The independent variable is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and the dependent variable is wound healing. The inclusion criteria for this study were full articles using an experimental study, with the publication year until 2022. The data extraction was focused on the biological activities of silver nanoparticles and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations for systematic reviews. Results: A total of 8 articles reviewed in this study were from countries: Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and China. The green synthesis of AgNPs was accomplished using a natural aqueous extract from leaves such as Azadirachta indica, Tridax procumbens, the combinations of Catharanthus roseus and Azadirachta indica, Scutellaria barbata, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, or cyanobacterial platforms (ex: Phormidium sp., Synechocystis sp, and arthrospira sp polysaccharides). All studies were animal-based experimental with wounds infected with bacteria and inflicted in regards to the experiment. All trials resulted in favor of the AgNPs ointment treated group compared to the untreated group or the standard ointment group. Conclusion: Our review suggested that all studies about the efficacy of AgNPs as wound-healing therapy showed positive results. Keywords: biological activities, silver nanoparticles, wound healing. Correspondence: Galih Priambodo. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Sudarto, Tembalang, Kec. Tembalang, Kota Semarang, Central Java. Email: g2_37@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: 085229998999. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2023), 08(01): 100-113 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2023.08.01.10

Background: The implication of nanotechnology includes silver nanoparticles to medical sciences, and has a revolutionary impact on therapeutic and diagnostics management. Many studies reported that silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) application can accelerate the wound healing process. This study aimed to systematically review the biological activities of silver nanoparticles as a wound-healing agent.Subjects and Method: This article was a systematic review study conducted by searching for articles from online databases such as EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, and World Scientific. Populations: laboratory animals; Intervention: green synthesis of silver nanoparticles; Comparison: a standard ointment for wounds such as povidone-iodine, etc; Outcome: wound healing. The independent variable is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and the dependent variable is wound healing. The inclusion criteria for this study were full articles using an experimental study, with the publication year until 2022. The data extraction was focused on the biological activities of silver nanoparticles and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations for systematic reviews.Results: A total of 8 articles reviewed in this study were from countries: Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and China. The green synthesis of AgNPs was accomplished using a natural aqueous extract from leaves such as Azadirachta indica, Tridax procumbens, the combinations of Catharanthus roseus and Azadirachta indica, Scutellaria barbata, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, or cyanobacterial platforms (ex: Phormidium sp., Synechocystis sp, and arthrospira sp polysaccharides). All studies were animal-based experimental with wounds infected with bacteria and inflicted in regards to the experiment. All trials resulted in favor of the AgNPs ointment treated group compared to the untreated group or the standard ointment group.Conclusion: Our review suggested that all studies about the efficacy of AgNPs as wound-healing therapy showed positive results.Keywords: biological activities, silver nanoparticles, wound healing.Correspondence: Galih Priambodo. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Sudarto, Tembalang, Kec. Tembalang, Kota Semarang, Central Java. Email: g2_37@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: 085229998999.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2023), 08(01): 100-113https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2023.08.01.10

Background: The implication of nanotechnology includes silver nanoparticles to medical sciences, and has a revolutionary impact on therapeutic and diagnostics management. Many studies reported that silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) application can accelerate the wound healing process. This study aimed to systematically review the biological activities of silver nanoparticles as a wound-healing agent.Subjects and Method: This article was a systematic review study conducted by searching for articles from online databases such as EBSCO, PubMed, Science Direct, and World Scientific. Populations: laboratory animals; Intervention: green synthesis of silver nanoparticles; Comparison: a standard ointment for wounds such as povidone-iodine, etc; Outcome: wound healing. The independent variable is the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, and the dependent variable is wound healing. The inclusion criteria for this study were full articles using an experimental study, with the publication year until 2022. The data extraction was focused on the biological activities of silver nanoparticles and reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations for systematic reviews.Results: A total of 8 articles reviewed in this study were from countries: Egypt, India, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and China. The green synthesis of AgNPs was accomplished using a natural aqueous extract from leaves such as Azadirachta indica, Tridax procumbens, the combinations of Catharanthus roseus and Azadirachta indica, Scutellaria barbata, the fungus Fusarium verticillioides, or cyanobacterial platforms (ex: Phormidium sp., Synechocystis sp, and arthrospira sp polysaccharides). All studies were animal-based experimental with wounds infected with bacteria and inflicted in regards to the experiment. All trials resulted in favor of the AgNPs ointment treated group compared to the untreated group or the standard ointment group.Conclusion: Our review suggested that all studies about the efficacy of AgNPs as wound-healing therapy showed positive results.Keywords: biological activities, silver nanoparticles, wound healing.Correspondence: Galih Priambodo. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro. Jl. Prof. Sudarto, Tembalang, Kec. Tembalang, Kota Semarang, Central Java. Email: g2_37@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: 085229998999.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2023), 08(01): 100-113https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2023.08.01.10

Impaired wound healing is a major complication underlying several disease processes (such as diabetes). Efficient wound healing is hampered by a wide variety of processes including hypoxia (oxygen deprivation), inflammation, infection, and oxidative stress through the generation of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inherent complexity of the healing wound has resulted in limited efficacy of most therapies that target single parameters involved in the slow healing processes. Fullerenes are carbon nanospheres previously shown to exhibit a wide range of biological activities. Given that these molecules have been shown to be potent anti-inflammatories and antioxidants we hypothesized that fullerenes could aid in wound healing based on these properties. We designed and synthesized a panel of fullerene derivatives and investigated their ability to accelerate wound healing using a modified scratch assay, an ex vivo human skin model, and a mouse model of skin irritation. Several derivatives supported cell migration, induced wound closure in human skin explants, and greatly accelerated the rate at which wound healing occurred in vivo. Therefore, fullerene derivatives represent a potential new class of wound healing therapies that may aid in wound healing treatment.

Nitric oxide released injectable hydrogel combined with synergistic photothermal therapy for antibacterial and accelerated wound healing

In this study, spider cobweb as a novel biomaterial was used for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy. The efficacy of biosynthesized particles as antibacterial agents was evaluated using multi-drug resistant clinical bacterial isolates through sensitivity testing with AgNPs and combination of AgNPs with some selected antibiotics. In addition, the potential application of the particles as additives in paints was demonstrated using some bacterial and fungal isolates. The synthesized AgNPs which were dark brown in color displayed maximum absorbance at the wavelength of 436 nm. It was observed that the reaction mixture of 1:40 (extract:AgNO3 solution) at pH of 8.5 produced particles with maximum absorbance at 436 nm. The FTIR spectrum showed peaks at 3298, 2359, 2089, and 1635 cm−1, indicating that proteins were the capping and stabilization molecules in the synthesis of AgNPs. The particles were spherical in shape with size ranging about 3–50 nm. The energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed the presence of silver as the most prominent metal, while the selected area electron diffraction pattern conformed to the face-centered cubic phase and crystalline nature of AgNPs. The AgNPs inhibited the growth of several bacterial isolates including S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella granulomatis and P. aeruginosa in the range of 10–17 mm at concentration of 100 µg/ml. It was also demonstrated that AgNPs potentiated the activities of augmentin, ofloxacin and cefixime in the AgNP–antibiotic synergy studies. Similarly, the inclusion of AgNPs as additive in white emulsion paint led to the total inhibition of growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and A. fumigatus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of cobweb for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The immense antimicrobial activities of the particles can be explored in the creation of novel products, where it can be used as additive to protect materials against microbial attack.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using belladonna mother tincture and its efficacy as a potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent