Livability and non-human organisms

Collectif Argos: Climate Refugees

<p>Climate and environmental changes as drivers of human migration likely reach back to the rise and decline of ancient civilizations in the Mediterranean Basin. At present, there is evidence of such changes and their impacts to cause risks for human security in the Mediterranean region particularly in its southern and eastern rim countries. Discussions on the relationships between climate change, conflicts, and human migration include framing these as potential threat multipliers, e.g., climate change-induced water shortages, which will lead to food insecurity and may thereby intensify conflicts and ultimately internal and cross-border migration. Most accounts anticipate these threat multipliers to occur in countries that are particularly vulnerable to climate change, lack adequate adaptive capacity, and be exposed to multiple socio-ecological stressors. Against the background of existing socio-political and armed conflicts in the Eastern and Southern Mediterranean, this risk deserves further scholarly attention. Inadequate or missing political instruments or agreements to deal with conflicts, insufficient cross-border collaboration, and limited links to international frameworks exacerbate the challenges faced by local communities in this region. These factors have likely contributed to the internal and cross-border migration of large groups of populations in war-torn countries in the Mediterranean Basin and elsewhere.</p><p>Despite strong evidence for links between climate change and its consequences for water, food, and economic security, there is still significant debate as to the relative importance of them for individual decisions to migrate. Equally contested are propositions addressing a possible direct causal relationship between climate change impacts or climate variability and violent conflict. In addressing these issues, it quickly becomes clear that the relationships between climate and environmental changes, conflicts, and human migration are multi-causal and are characterized by complex interactions and feedbacks. Key determinants likely include the social, political, cultural, and economic conditions of a specific country or region as well as their historical trajectory.</p><p>The Mediterranean Expert Group on Environmental and Climate Change (MedECC) has embarked on addressing these challenging issues through a Special Report that follows the First Mediterranean Assessment Report of MedECC (MAR1; 2019). Major issues to be addressed include:</p><p>(i) how can we identify current “hot spots” of climate change impacts and ongoing or emerging conflicts;</p><p>(ii) how can we shed light on understanding the roles of different determinants on internal and cross-border migration, particularly with regard to a) migration linked directly and/or indirectly to environmental change and conflicts, b) migration linked to other determinants, and c) understanding the relationships and interdependencies of different determinants;</p><p>(iii) what are major knowledge gaps and what approaches should be followed to address them?</p><p>While the “Task Force on Migration” of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East - Cyprus Climate Change Initiative has already discussed strategies and policy instruments to enhance adaptation to climate change, the MedECC Special Report will refine and complete such assessment by considering the links between climate change, conflicts, and migration based on existing adaptation measures.</p><p>This paper will provide background and rationale for the MedECC Special Report, its present state, and perspectives on its continued development.</p>

![Figure][1] In August 2009, the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) held its 36th Congress in Kyoto in the same convention centre where the historic Kyoto Protocol was drawn up 12 years earlier. The symbolism of this coincidence was not missed by Malcolm Gordon, the Chair of

Previous articleNext article FreeIndex to Titles and Authors/Editors of Books ReviewedPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreEntries are by title and author/editor.Alger B. E., Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis: From Reproducibility Crisis to Big Data, 134All the Birds of the World, ed. by J. del Hoyo, 136All Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental: Environmental Transformation through Species Acclimatization, from Colonial Australia to the World, by P. Minard, 143Andersen K. H., Fish Ecology, Evolution, and Exploitation: A New Theoretical Synthesis, 136Art of the Bee: Shaping the Environment from Landscapes to Societies, by R. E. Page, Jr., 135Arthur W., The Biological Universe: Life in the Milky Way and Beyond, 134Avian Virology: Current Research and Future Trends, ed. by S. K. Samal, 141Baetu T. M., Mechanisms in Molecular Biology, 151Barraclough T. G., The Evolutionary Biology of Species, 145Bats and Viruses: Current Research and Future Trends, ed. by E. Corrales-Aguilar and M. Schwemmle, 140Biological Extinction: New Perspectives, ed. by P. Dasgupta et al., 143Biological Universe: Life in the Milky Way and Beyond, by W. Arthur, 134Biology of Reproduction, by G. Fusco and A. Minelli, 149Brooks D. R., et al., The Stockholm Paradigm: Climate Change and Emerging Disease, 154Cardinale B. J., et al., Conservation Biology, 152Conservation Biology, by B. J. Cardinale, et al., 152Constant State of Emergency: Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunter and Health Activist, by J. P. Verhave, lead review, 127Corrales-Aguilar E., and M. Schwemmle (eds.), Bats and Viruses: Current Research and Future Trends, 140Dasgupta P., et al. (eds.), Biological Extinction: New Perspectives, 143Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis: From Reproducibility Crisis to Big Data, by B. E. Alger, 134Defrosting Ancient Microbes: Emerging Genomes in a Warmer World, by S. O. Rogers and J. D. Castello, 141del Hoyo J. (ed.), All the Birds of the World, 136Double Helix of Phyllotaxis: Analysis of the Geometric Model of Plant Morphogenesis, by B. Rozin, 139Drechsler M., Ecological-Economic Modelling for Biodiversity Conservation, 153Dykhuizen D. E., Public Health and Paul de Kruif, lead review of A Constant State of Emergency: Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunter and Health Activist, by J. P. Verhave, 127Ecological-Economic Modelling for Biodiversity Conservation, by M. Drechsler, 153Engineering Plants for Agriculture, ed. by P. C. Ronald, 138Evolutionary Biology of Species, by T. G. Barraclough, 145Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interaction, ed. by J. Núñez-Farfán and P. L. Valverde, 138Field Guide to Cape Cod: Including Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Block Island, and Eastern Long Island, by P. J. Lynch, 143Fires of Life: Endothermy in Birds and Mammals, by B. G. Lovegrove, 150Fish Ecology, Evolution, and Exploitation: A New Theoretical Synthesis, by K. H. Andersen, 136From Cells to Organisms: Re-envisioning Cell Theory, by S. L. Lyons, 151Fusco G., and A. Minelli, The Biology of Reproduction, 149Game Theory in Biology: Concepts and Frontiers, by J. M. McNamara and O. Leimar, 145Gene Environment Interactions: Nature and Nurture in the Twenty-first Century, by M. Smith, 148Hominin Postcranial Remains from Sterkfontein, South Africa, 1936–1995, ed. by B. Zipfel et al., 146In the Hearts of the Beasts: How American Behavioral Scientists Rediscovered the Emotions of Animals, by A. C. Rose, 149Integrating Evolutionary Biology into Medical Education for Maternal and Child Healthcare Students, Clinicians, and Scientists, ed. by J. Schulkin and M. L. Power, 154International Wildlife Management: Conservation Challenges in a Changing World, ed. by J. L. Koprowski and P. R. Krausman, 154Koprowski J. L., and P. R. Krausman (eds.), International Wildlife Management: Conservation Challenges in a Changing World, 154Leigh, Jr., E. G., and C. Ziegler, Nature Strange and Beautiful: How Living Beings Evolved and Made the Earth a Home, 143Lizards of the World: Natural History and Taxon Accounts, by G. H. Rodda, 137Lovegrove B. G., Fires of Life: Endothermy in Birds and Mammals, 150Lynch P. J., A Field Guide to Cape Cod: Including Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, Block Island, and Eastern Long Island, 143Lyons S. L., From Cells to Organisms: Re-envisioning Cell Theory, 151Mahoney S. P., and V. Geist (eds.), The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, 153Matlin et al. (eds.), Why Study Biology by the Sea?, 133McNamara J. M., and O. Leimar, Game Theory in Biology: Concepts and Frontiers, 145Mechanisms in Molecular Biology, by T. M. Baetu, 151Mesozoic Sea Dragons: Triassic Marine Life from the Ancient Tropical Lagoon of Monte San Giorgio, by O. Rieppel, 147Minard P., All Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental: Environmental Transformation through Species Acclimatization, from Colonial Australia to the World, 143Nature Strange and Beautiful: How Living Beings Evolved and Made the Earth a Home, by E. G. Leigh, Jr., and C. Ziegler, 143North American Model of Wildlife Conservation, ed. by S. P. Mahoney and V. Geist, 153Núñez-Farfán J., and P. L. Valverde (eds.), Evolutionary Ecology of Plant-Herbivore Interaction, 138Odenkirk J. S., and D. C. Chapman (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium, 136Page, Jr., R. E., The Art of the Bee: Shaping the Environment from Landscapes to Societies, 135Perry S. F., et al., Respiratory Biology of Animals: Evolutionary and Functional Morphology, 150Phylogenetic Ecology: A History, Critique, and Remodeling, by N. G. Swenson, 142Practical Hatchery Management of Warmwater Fishes, by J. R., Snow and R. P. Phelps, 136Proceedings of the First International Snakehead Symposium, ed. by J. S. Odenkirk and D. C. Chapman, 136Public Health and Paul de Kruif, by D. E. Dykhuizen, lead review of A Constant State of Emergency: Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunter and Health Activist, by J. P. Verhave, 127Quaternary Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography, by V. Rull, 147Respiratory Biology of Animals: Evolutionary and Functional Morphology, by S. F. Perry et al., 150Rieppel O., Mesozoic Sea Dragons: Triassic Marine Life from the Ancient Tropical Lagoon of Monte San Giorgio, 147Rodda G. H., Lizards of the World: Natural History and Taxon Accounts, 137Rogers S. O., and J. D. Castello, Defrosting Ancient Microbes: Emerging Genomes in a Warmer World, 141Ronald P. C. (ed.), Engineering Plants for Agriculture, 138Rose A. C., In the Hearts of the Beasts: How American Behavioral Scientists Rediscovered the Emotions of Animals, 149Rozin B., Double Helix of Phyllotaxis: Analysis of the Geometric Model of Plant Morphogenesis, 139Rull V., Quaternary Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography, 147Samal S. K. (ed.), Avian Virology: Current Research and Future Trends, 141Schulkin J., and M. L. Power (eds.), Integrating Evolutionary Biology into Medical Education for Maternal and Child Healthcare Students, Clinicians, and Scientists, 154Smith M., Gene Environment Interactions: Nature and Nurture in the Twenty-first Century, 148Snow J. R., and R. P. Phelps, Practical Hatchery Management of Warmwater Fishes, 136Stockholm Paradigm: Climate Change and Emerging Disease, by D. R. Brooks et al., 154Swenson N. G., Phylogenetic Ecology: A History, Critique, and Remodeling, 142Verhave J. P., A Constant State of Emergency: Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunter and Health Activist, lead review, 127Why Study Biology by the Sea?, ed. by K. S. Matlin et al., 133Zipfel B., et al. (eds.), Hominin Postcranial Remains from Sterkfontein, South Africa, 1936–1995, 146 Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 2June 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/714494 Views: 282Total views on this site Copyright © 2021 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Climate-smart agriculture and forestry: maintaining plant productivity in a changing world while minimizing production system effects on climate.

Sustained Antarctic Research: A 21st Century Imperative

Waiting for the wave, but missing the tide: Case studies of climate-related (im)mobility and health

Climate change, in particular the rise in tropical sea surface temperatures, is the greatest threat to coral reef ecosystems today and causes climatic extremes affecting the livelihood of tropical societies. Assessing how future warming will change coral reef ecosystems and tropical climate variability is therefore of extreme urgency. Ultra-high resolution (monthly, weekly) coral geochemistry provides a tool to understand the temporal response of corals and coral reefs to ongoing climate and environmental change, to reconstruct past tropical climate and environmental variability, and to use these data in conjunction with advanced statistical methods, earth system modelling and observed ecosystem responses for improved projections of future changes in tropical climate and coral reef ecosystems. The recently established Priority Programme “Tropical Climate Variability and Coral Reefs - A Past to Future Perspective on Current Rates of Change at Ultra-High Resolution” (SPP 2299, https://www.spp2299.tropicalclimatecorals.de/) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) aims to enhance our current understanding of tropical marine climate variability and its impact on coral reef ecosystems in a warming world, by quantifying climatic and environmental changes during both the ongoing warming and past warm periods on timescales relevant for society. The programme aims to provide an ultra-high resolution past to future perspective on current rates of change to project how tropical marine climate variability and coral reef ecosystems will change in a warming world. Information on the organisational structure and research topics of this collaborative programme, which involves ten universities and five research centres from all over Germany, will be provided.

<p>Climate change, in particular the rise in tropical sea surface temperatures, is the greatest threat to coral reef ecosystems today and causes climatic extremes affecting the livelihood of tropical societies. The combination of long-term global warming and interannual El Niño-related warm events has severely affected corals and coral reefs throughout the tropical ocean basins. Mass coral bleaching, a result of large-scale temperature stress, was first observed during the 1982/83 El Niño, and was followed by much more severe, global scale bleaching events during the El Niño years of 1997/98 and 2010, culminating in the most wide-spread and most destructive global bleaching episode to date, which lasted from 2014-2017. The interval between recurrent mass coral bleaching events driven by anomalously high sea surface temperatures is becoming too short for a full recovery of mature coral reef assemblages and will have dramatic effects on future coral reef growth. Assessing how future warming will change coral reef ecosystems and tropical climate variability is therefore of extreme urgency.</p><p>The recently established Priority Programme „Tropical Climate Variability and Coral Reefs – A Past to Future Perspective on Current Rates of Change at Ultra-High Resolution“ (SPP 2299; https://www.spp2299.tropicalclimatecorals.de/) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) aims to enhance our current understanding of tropical marine climate variability and its impact on coral reef ecosystems in a warming world, by quantifying climatic and environmental changes during both the ongoing warming and past warm periods on timescales relevant for society. Ultra-high resolution coral geochemistry provides a tool to understand the temporal response of corals and coral reefs to ongoing climate and environmental change, to reconstruct past tropical climate and environmental variability and to use these data in conjunction with advanced statistical methods, earth system modelling and observed ecosystem responses for improved projections of future changes in tropical climate and coral reef ecosystems.</p><p>The Priority Programme is organised around three major research topics in order to fuel interdisciplinary collaboration among various disciplines: (a) Large-scale ocean, climate & environment reconstructions, (b) Coral & reef-scale response to current environmental stress, and (c) Climate, reef & proxy modelling – Climate & proxy advanced statistics. The strongly interdisciplinary Priority Programme will bring together expertise in the fields of climate, environmental and ecosytem research in a sustainable manner, and aims to provide an ultra-high resolution past to future perspective on current rates of change to project how tropical marine climate variability and coral reef ecosystems will change in a warming world.</p>

BACHELET ET AL. (2005) USED the Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (DGVM) MC1 to project what climate change might mean in terms of vegetation distribution, carbon storage or emissions, and wildfire risk in Alaska. The results pointed toward significant changes to arctic ecosystems with 77-90% of the tundra present in Alaska in 1920 possibly disappearing by the end of the 21 st Century. Interior boreal mixed forests could migrate northward, creating maritime and temperate conifer forests much like those of southeast Alaska.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) sponsored its first climate change science conference to bring together scientists and conservation practitioners from around the world to discuss new approaches to conservation. The conference focused on how climate change science can help TNC develop effective strategies to implement in the field.Included at the conference were panel discussions on sea level rise; climate change impacts on freshwater, marine, forest, and cold climate systems; human dimensions of climate change; extinctions, invasives, and migrants; fire in a warming world; how science can inform the climate policy debate; issues of scale and resolution in climate change projections; using information technology to communicate scientific information; and the importance of monitoring networks. Also included was a session on conservation planning and climate change, followed by a lively discussion of potential innovations TNC could engage in.

Does a Warmer World Mean a Greener World? Not Likely!

Tropical Deforestation and Climatic Change: The Conceptual Background. Guest Editorial N. Myers. Tropical Forests: Present Status and Future Outlook N. Myers. A Commentary on: Tropical Forests: Present Status and Future Outlook G.T. Prance. Palaeoecological Background: Neotropics T. van der Hammen. A Commentary on: Palaeoecological Background: Neotropics P. Colinvaux. A Synopsis of Climatic and Vegetational Change in Southeast Asia L.R. Heaney. A Commentary on: A Synopsis of Climatic and Vegetational Change in Southeast Asia P.H. Raven. History of Climate and Forests in Tropical Africa during the Last 8 Million Years A.C. Hamilton, D. Taylor. The African Rain Forest Vegetation and Palaeoenvironments during Late Quaternary J. Maley. Tropical Deforestation and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide R.A. Houghton. A Commentary on: Tropical Deforestation and Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide L.D. Danny Harvey. Tropical Deforestation: Albedo and the Surface-Energy Balance J.H.C. Gash, W.J. Shuttleworth. A Commentary on: Tropical Deforestation: Albedo and the Surface-Energy Balance A.Henderson-Sellers. Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Global and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry M. Keller, D.J. Jacob, S.C. Wofsy, R.C. Harriss. A Commentary on: Effects of Tropical Deforestation on Global and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry P.M. Vitousek, P.A. Matson. Probable Impact of Deforestation on Hydrological Processes V.M. Meher-Homji. A Commentary on: Probable Impact of Deforestation on Hydrological Processes R.E. Dickinson. Possible Climatic Impacts of Tropical Deforestation E. Salati, C.A. Nobre. A Commentary on: Possible Climatic Impacts of Tropical Deforestation P.R. Rowntree, J. Lean. Deforestation, Climate Change and Sustainable Nutrition Security: A Case Study of India S.K. Sinha, M.S. Swaminathan. A Commentary on: Deforestation, Climate Change and Sustainable Nutrition Security: A Case Study of India N.J. Rosenberg. Tropical Forests and the Greenhouse Effect: A Management Response N. Myers, T.J. Goreau. A Commentary on: Tropical Forests and the Greenhouse Effect: A Management Response G. Marland. Buying Environmental Insurance: Prospects for Trading of Global Climate-Protection Services J.N. Swisher, G.M. Masters. A Commentary on: Buying Environmental Insurance: Prospects for Trading of Global Climate-Protection Services M. Grubb. Forests in a Warming World: A Time for New Policies G.M. Woodwell. A Commentary on: Forests in a Warming World: A Time for New Policies J. Gradwohl, R. Greenberg. The Politics of Prevention C. Schneider. A Commentary on: The Politics of Prevention J. MacNeill.

Uniting the Global Gastroenterology Community to Meet the Challenge of Climate Change and Non-Recyclable Waste

Over the past decade, many conservation biology researchers and practitioners have turned to knowledge co-production, which prioritizes collaboration between academic and non-academic partners, to increase the impact of science in conservation practice and policy. Co-production promises to produce context-specific knowledge that better aligns with conservation practitioners’ needs and concerns. Here, we argue that the conservation paleobiology community could similarly build collective capacity to engage more effectively in shared “learning spaces” where actionable knowledge is produced. We draw from our experiences with the Historical Oyster Body Size project and lessons learned from other fields to identify key attributes of actionable geohistorical knowledge and the meaningful co-production processes that produced it. Familiarity with these concepts will benefit conservation paleobiologists who aspire to help develop longer lasting, fairer, and more equitable solutions to complex conservation problems presented by a changing world.