Literature and Documents Meet at Qayrawān

This paper investigates the image of the heretic fra’ Dolcino as presented in both medieval documentary sources and modern literature. Using a wide range of documentary and literary sources, at least two images of fra’ Dolcino can be outlined: the first is the ‚sharply defined‘ image of the legendary figure featuring in literary texts such as the „Divine Comedy“ by Dante Alighieri or „The Name of the Rose“ by Umberto Eco. The second, which emerges from historical documents, is the ‚blurred‘ image of Dolcino from Novara, the leader of a heretical sect that prospered between the 13th and the 14th centuries. This paper offers a study of the events linked to the figure of fra’ Dolcino and to his group of heretics, considering both the historical perspective and the quality of the information conveyed by literary and documentary sources.

The purpose of the article is to identify the range of artistic tools that were used by Ukrainian filmmakers to create adaptations; determination of the degree of correspondence of the author’s views between the literary and on-screen work, as well as finding substitution measures, genre and stylistic correspondence of the book and film within the historical context, based on the film adaptation of the period of the 70s of the XX century. The methodology of the study is a comparative analysis between literary sources - the short stories by A. Gaidar and the film adaptation of the directors N. Rasheev and A. Naroditsky - the film "Bumbarash", conducted to determine the characteristics of the transformation of a literary work into a different kind of art and to determine the amplitude of the measure of style dependence and the genre of the film from the work of the writer. Scientific novelty. Despite the powerful layer of scientific research on the screen embodiment of literary works, the history of Ukrainian film adaptation remains poorly studied, especially the theoretical questions about the correspondence of style and genre in films created on the basis of literary primary sources. This scientific article for the first time on domestic material explores the mechanism of substitution of the genre and style on the example of one of the Ukrainian adaptations, which expands scientific research in the history of domestic cinema. Conclusions. The author’s vision of each artist reveals his personal view of a particular work, especially if he creates it on the basis of an existing artistic source. This is clearly seen in the example of the film adaptation genre. Through hermeneutic interpretations, the authors of the film adaptation talentedly confirmed a successful example of the genre-stylistic substitution in the film “Bumbarash”. In this film adaptation, a balance was found harmoniously between Gaidar’s dramatic pathos and lyrical romanticism, which is organically sublime by directors in its film adaptation; between the poetics of heroism in A. Gaidar and tragedy genre, through the use of eccentric filmmaking techniques by the authors; between the light humor of literary Gaidar short stories and the grotesque tragedy of screen work. Also, the use of a peculiar musical and dramatic solution to the film led to significant changes in the genre spectrum of the literary source, nevertheless, this allowed the authors to preserve the unique “creative face” of the writer.

This article complements my article on “Single-Script Mixed-Code Literary Sources from the Cairo Genizah” (2018). It begins with introductory comments on the phenomenon of mixed code in Judeo-Arabic, as a continuously spoken and written Jewish language from medieval to modern times. While the documentary sources in the Cairo Genizah (a Jewish medieval archive found in the loft of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo) have drawn scholars’ attention to this phenomenon, there are few discussions of code switching in dual script Judeo-Arabic literary sources. The article presents and discusses two Genizah sources of this kind (as well as one new documentary source), which feature both Hebrew and Arabic scripts in the space of the same fragment. It argues that the haphazard appearance of code switching in such fragments is misleading. The analysis shows there are specific conditions that govern the mixing of Hebrew and Arabic scripts, and highlights its sociolinguistic background. Code switching is a dominant feature of single script Judeo-Arabic literary sources as well, meaning, those penned solely in Hebrew or Arabic script, which lie beyond the scope of the present study. A systematic survey and study of the Genizah literary sources relevant to both categories (single and dual scripts) is therefore a desideratum, and is bound to lead to a better understanding of the sociolinguistic functions of mixed code in Judeo-Arabic writings and culture.

This bibliography surveys the literature and culture of Jews in the Roman Empire from the first through seventh centuries. Jews lived all over the Roman Empire, from North Africa and Italy in the west to Egypt, Asia Minor, and Palestine in the east. The evidence is wide-ranging and includes literary, archaeological, epigraphic, and documentary sources. Literary evidence includes works by individual named authors (Jewish and non-Jewish) and compilations that developed over several centuries. Although this evidence reflects the diversity among Jews in the Roman Empire, it is not evenly distributed geographically or chronologically, nor is it representative of Jews across status and gender. Women, non-elite, and enslaved persons made up a majority of the population, but their voices are not directly represented in literary sources. The rabbinic corpus is the largest extant literary corpus about Jews, or indeed any Roman local elite, but the early rabbis had a relatively narrow sphere of influence. The sources in this bibliography incorporate rabbinic texts as historical sources without taking the rabbis’ claims—about themselves or other Jews—at face value. Within the Roman Empire, Jews were one of many groups that we might refer to as ethnic or religious minorities. The political history of Jews in the empire is beyond the purview of this bibliography, which concerns itself with strategies Jews employed in response to Roman imperial rule. Other provincial populations must have adopted a similarly diverse range of strategies, although we do not have the same wealth of documentation about them. While Jewish populations thrived around the Mediterranean, their relationship to empire changed during these six centuries, not always in a homogeneous or predictable way. Jews went from being the object of brutal Roman reprisal to victims of discursive and physical violence in a Christianizing empire. The topic of Jewish and Christian relations from the Second Temple period to imperial Christendom, while critically important, is only addressed in broad strokes here. This bibliography instead centers Jewish culture and literary production in the Roman Empire, and aims to introduce ancient historians to dynamic recent scholarly approaches to ancient Judaism. The uneven distribution of sources makes it difficult to sustain an overarching historical narrative about Jews in the Roman Empire. Rather than stitching disparate bodies of evidence together to tell an overarching story, most works in this bibliography reckon with the heterogeneity of our sources and the histories it is possible to write with them.

The Jewish Woman Poetry in the middle-age not represent a field of study in itself because most of the evidences of women literary production had not been part of Jewish Literary Heritage. Considerable exeption, Islam represent a context in wich woman writings have been not only transmitted but also seen as a part of the literary tradition. Relating largerly upon two literary sources, the Nuzhat al-julasâ' fi ash'âr al-nisâ of Suyuti (1445-1505) and the Nafh al Tib min ghsn al-Andalus of al-Maqqari (1578-1632) this article would like to focalise the poetical production in classical arabic of Qasmuna Bint Ismâ'il bin Baghdalla al-Yahudi, one of the very few Jewish Poetess lived in al- Andalus between XI-XII century. Both the sources quotes the Rayât al-mubarrizin wa-ghayât al-mumayyzin, the Geographical, Historical and Literary work of the famous Andalusian Historian Ali Ibn Musa Ibn Sa'id al Magribi al-Andalusi (1213-1286) manuscript in a large part losted. Aim is to focus the poetical production of Qasmuna Bint Ismâ'il al Yahudi and his transmission through Arabic Anthologies dedicated to the Arabic Literary Tradition in al-Andalus and Islam. More than her religious belonging to Islam as a religion, the main reason for the transmission of Qasmuna's collection of poems seem to be the language and the style of composition, as well as her andalusian origins. For the nature of relations between Jewish communities and Islam in the Middle Ages, arabic historiographical sources become a cross-cultural narrative setting for Jewish and Islamic History, and their study fundamental in order grasp the develop of Jewish Thought in Middle Ages.

Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum on olnud teerajajaid digihumanitaaria valdkonnas juba 1990. aastatest, alates arvutikultuuri laiemast levikust. Väärtuslike andmekogude haldamisel on olnud missiooniks nende kättesaadavaks tegemine avalikkusele. Kultuuripärand avati laiemale kasutajale kahes suunas: sisupõhised otsitavad andmebaasid ning suhtepõhised andmekeskkonnad. Siinse artikli eesmärgiks on näidata arvutusliku kirjandusteaduse tänapäevaseid võimalusi ja nendega seotud kirjanduslike keeleressursside loomist koostöös korpuslingvistidega. Artiklis analüüsin kultuuripärandi sisukeskkondade ja andmekoguside kasutusvõimalusi masinloetava keeleressursina. Esimeste selliste katsetena on valminud kirjavahetuse ja kriitika märgendatud keelekorpused päringusüsteemis KORP. Käesolev uurimus toob on 20. sajandi alguse mõjukriitika probleemi näitel välja kirjanduslike keelekorpuste potentsiaali kultuuripärandi uurimisel.
 
 Estonia can soon expect an explosive growth in digital heritage and text resources due to the current project of mass digitisation of national cultural heritage (printed books, archival documents, photos, art, audiovisual, and ethnographic artifacts) (2019–2023). This will give new opportunities for different fields of digital humanities and make digitised heritage accessible to everyone in the form of open data. The project will focus on the usage of the heritage, on the needs of education, e-learning, and the creative industry, including digital creative arts.
 The aim of this article is to examine some research possibilities that opened up for literary history due to the digitisation of literary works and archival sources and to put them in the general context of digital humanities.
 Although the field of digital humanities is broad, the meaning of DH is often reduced to methods of computational language-centered analyses, mainly based on using different tools and software languages (R, Stylo, Phyton, Gephy, Top Modelling etc.). While the corpus-based research is already a professional standard in linguistics, literary scholars are still more used to working with traditional methods. This article introduces two digital literary history projects belonging to the field of digital humanities and analyses them as language resources for creating texts corpora, and introduces some results of the case study of Estonian criticism from the Young Estonia movement up to the 1920s, carried out using the literary texts corpora in the corpus query system KORP (https://korp.keeleressursid.ee) by the Centre of Estonian Language Resources.
 During the past twenty years, I have mainly focussed on developing large-scale implementation projects for digital representation of Estonian literary history. The objective of these experimental projects has been to develop principally new non-linear models of Estonian literary history for the digital environment. These activities were based on my research of the intertextual relations between authors, literary works, and critical texts using traditional methods.
 The first content-based literary history project “ERNI. Estonian Literary History in Texts 1924–1925” (www2.kirmus.ee/erni) was based on a hypertextual network of literary source texts and reviews. We re-conceptualised literary history as a non-linear narrative and a gallery with many entrances. The task of the project was also to ensure its usability in education: a significant number of study materials has been added in cooperation with schoolteachers.
 In 2004, we initiated our long-term and still running project “Kreutzwald’s Century: the Estonian Cultural History Web” (http://kreutzwald.kirmus.ee) at the Estonian Literary Museum. The objective of this project was to make literary sources of the period accessible as the dynamic, interactive information environment. This was a hybrid project which synthesised the classical study of Estonian literary history, the needs of the digital media user, and the expanding digital resources from different memory institutions; its underlying idea was to link together all the works of fiction of an author, as well as their biography, manuscripts, and photos and to make them visible for the user on five interactive time axes. The project uses a specially created platform. Today, this platform is extensively used by schoolteachers: in 2020 (Jan.–Dec.) it had about 8, 986.555 million clicks and during seven years (2013 Dec.–2020 Dec.) it has collected 64, 627.380 million clicks.
 To find out how we can fit such content-based models of literary heritage into the context of Digital Humanities we need to compare the previous modelling practices with our current experimental project in the corpus query system KORP. Our interdisciplinary project “Literary Studies Meet Corpus Linguistics” (2017–2020) concentrated on studying literary history sources with linguistic methods. As the result of the project two literary text corpora were created: “Epistolary text corpus of Estonian writers Johannes Semper and Johannes Vares-Barbarus” and “Corpus of the Estonian literary criticism, Noor-Eesti and the 1920s”. Both of them were pilot projects in the field, started with converting the digitalised archival and printed sources into machine-readable format before text and data mining for corpus creation.
 Query system KORP allows us to organise the language data by all the categories used in the corpus, for example, to learn who and in what context mentioned the name of the French writer André Gide. The second currently running project is the morphologically annotated corpus of literary criticism. This corpus contains texts of literary reviews and criticism in different genres, drawn from the projects ERNI and “Kreutzwald’s Century”. The first results in studying the dynamics of literary values can already be seen.
 A query in KORP about the word ‘mõju’ (‘influence’) revealed that the manifesto “More of European culture!”of the group Young Estonia, voiced in 1905, was during the independent Estonian Republic replaced by the valuing of a specific national character. Corpus query showed a change in the meaning of the word: in the criticism contemporary to Young Estonia, the word ‘mõju’ was only associated with the historical pressure from Russian and German cultures. The foundation for modern comparative linguistics at the University of Tartu was laid in the 1920s by the professorship in Estonian literature.

The purpose of this thesis is two-fold: first, to examine and re-assess the material remains of Roman Corinth in the light 'of modern scholarship; secondly, to use this evidence, in combination with the literary sources, and thus to define, more clearly than has been done hitherto, both the nature of the original foundation and the way in which it developed. The work depends primarily on material remains, since the literary sources are limited and often overworked. A vast amount of material has been made available from the excavations of the American School over the last sixty years; there are scattered reports of earlier work going back to the 1890s; and there is a substantial body of unpublished material. Aerial photographs, taken in the 1940s and 1960s, which have not been studied before, have made it possible to form a much better idea of the city as a whole and to reconstruct the basic road system. The end of the Antonine period provides a convenient, if somewhat arbitrary, date at which to conclude the study in general, since most of the excavated areas and literary references date from before this time. My conclusion is that the evidence now available shows that Roman Corinth, far from being simply a continuation of Greek Corinth, as most scholars have assumed, was founded as a Roman colony, in accordance with normal Roman practice, and that it retained its Roman identity throughout the period under discussion.

This article briefly discusses the legitimacy of search for sensitivities of a past time in literary sources – in this case, in narratives on madness. The mad persons themselves tell us their stories, expresses their sensitivity about their illness, about the environment that involves and excludes them and about the world where they live in. Three literary works about madness and admission in psychiatric hospitals illustrate these issues. Key words: sensitivity, cultural history, madness, social exclusion, psychiatric hospitals, literary narrative.

The ancient city of Alexandria was often referred to as Alexandria ad Aegyptum in Roman documentary, epigraphic and literary sources; this phrase was translated in Greek as ἡ Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ. The grammatical phrasing implies that Alexandria was seen as being ‘near’ or ‘next to’ Egypt, not ‘in’ Egypt. This observation has given rise to the scholarly view that Alexandria was not part of Egypt. In this article the function of the designation ad Aegyptum and of similar designations within literary, papyrological and epigraphic sources ranging from 300 b.c.e. to 640 c.e. will be closely examined. This article argues that the expression can be seen as reflecting both the distinction and the close connection between Alexandria and Egypt on the basis of geographical, political and socio-cultural factors.

The aim of this study is to understand how literature reflects and contributes to the politics of identity. This study is not a history of Oriya literature, nor does it deal with the process of gradual crystallization of Oriya political identity. This research is based on the assumption that creative literature projects a collective identity of a people and sustains a dominant discourse on the society that it writes about. Further, it supports the assumption that a narrative, apart from performing the symbolic act of creating and reproducing social cohesion, is a specific mechanism through which the collective consciousness of a society often represses its historical contradictions. Since this work is based on literary sources, it discussed the processes through which creative writers make sense of the world around them and represent this world to their readership. The evolution of the identity of a region is rarely a linear development, or the subject of a simple, homogeneous construction. Any invocation of identity is fraught with internal tensions and contestations. Different groups of people within the same region often question the validity of a particular construction of their identity, claiming that it represents only one aspect of reality and not others. But the theme of identity is constantly invoked in the context of a nation's formation, to emphasise national and cultural differences with other nations. In the context of a modem nation, this construction of identity is deeply involved in the interpretations of the nation's past. The first chapter of this thesis discussed the political conditions under which the Oriya speaking tracts of the British empire demanded unification, leading to the emergence of Orissa as a separate province in 1936. This was the first time when the Oriya people felt the need to articulate an identity of a modem kind. This chapter is divided into three sections which discuss the coming of modernity to Orissa and the social transformations that followed. It also analyses the colonial missionary and Bengali discourses on the nature of Oriya society, and the first stages of the Oriya constructions of the self. The second chapter discusses literary writing and articulation of Oriya by a group of writers closely associated with the national movement from 1920 onwards. They articulated new meanings that helped constitute a picture of Oriyaness. Their emphasis was on raising an all-India consciousness among the Oriyas but the symbols of mobilisation were strictly Oriya. The third chapters discusses the slow disenchantment of Oriya writers with the coming of modernity, and the consequent rise of a discourse that was nostalgic about the Oriya past. Identity was closely linked to the questions of social morality in this phase. Matters and aspects of everyday lives - like the nature of the traditional social formation, social relations among different groups, the joint family, the image of women - were the given a new status as 'tradition' and presented as crucial to an Oriya identity. This chapter deals with the literary expression of the frustration that various social groups, rural Oriyas, tribal or women experienced with the coining of change. It discusses an identity crisis of Oriya society reflected in literature of the decades following the twenties. The fourth chapter discusses the connection of Left writing with the problem of identity formation. What was described as 'quintessentially Oriya' was questioned and rejected by leftist intellectuals. Radical literature created a set of 'alternative' Oriya heroes, and provided an alternative reading of what was valuable in society and its historical past. Deeply critical of the earlier construction of Oriyaness, the leftwing writers questioned the validity of the elitist construction of the Oriya self In the cultural self-construction of Oriya identity, the figure of Jagannath, the deity of the temple at Puri, has always enjoyed a special place. The fifth chapter turns to a discussion of Jagannath as the 'national god' of Orissa and its centrality to any reading of Oriyaness. The chapter analyses the changing relations between modernity and religion. It seeks to show the historical process by which a traditional religious symbol retained its cultural significance in a modem definition of a society's identity.

In dark tourism, professional tourist guides play a key role in interpreting places marked by death, conflict and tragedy. Their narratives often draw on interdisciplinary sources, including history, geography, and literature, to create immersive and emotionally resonant experiences for visitors. In addition to historical and geographical information, supporting narratives with literary sources is important in terms of enriching the narratives of tourist guides. In this study, Halide Edip Adıvar’s novel Türk’ün Ateşle İmtihanı, which is a literary work, was analyzed with geo-literary reading, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The findings were evaluated according to the elements that constitute the science of geography, found in the literary source, and as a result, it was aimed to contribute to the richness of expression by creating an exemplary narrative that tourist guides can use in tours. Drawing on qualitative methodology and supported by Geographical Information Systems (GIS), the study demonstrates how literary sources can contribute to dark tourism and dark literary tourism. As a result of the study, an example of a dark literary tourism route and a sample-enriched narrative that tourist guides can use on this route have been created. The chapter presents a model for combining literary, geographical, and historical interpretation to enrich the experience of dark tourism in Türkiye and beyond.

The Palikoi are twin heroes revered in Sicily, in the Margi valley. This worship played a crucial role in the acknowledgement by the Sicilian communities of their own identity. In fact, not only it is archaic, but, on the ground of the architectural and ritual characteristics, it is also possible to follow its evolution, inspired to Greek models, both in archaeological finds and in literary sources. The cult was started in a cave in front of a small lake, a location that witnessed a monumental evolution in the V century b.C. with an hestiaterion ; the continuity in site patronage is proven at least until the III century a.D. (excavations by P. Pelegatti and, subsequently, by B. McConnel and L. Maniscalco). Literary sources (Diodorus of Sicily, first of all) attest a locus inferus , whose waters are extremely important as guarantee in pledges and as solver of disputes among contenders of different social levels (e.g. slaves vs. masters, Greeks vs. Sicilians).

BackgroundPhysician reporting is commonly used to ascertain adverse events or outcomes measured in epidemiologic studies. However, little is known on the accuracy of physician reported malignancies compared to pertinent medical record review in large cohort studies.MethodsThe Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) registry gathers physician-completed questionnaires for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, including request for information on incident malignancies, approximately every three months. For incident malignancies reported from October 1st, 2001, through December 31st, 2007, we retrospectively requested completion of a Targeted Adverse Event (TAE) form for additional information as well as primary source documents to adjudicate the malignancy reports. CORRONA has employed a prospective request for source documentation for these events since 2008. We classified each malignancy as definite, probable, possible, or not a malignancy.ResultsFrom 20,837 RA patients enrolled in CORRONA, 461 incident malignancies were initially reported on physician questionnaires. After review of returned source documents with adjudication, 234 were deemed definite, 69 probable, 101 possible, and 57 not an incident malignancy. The positive predictive value (PPV) of initial physician report of a malignancy versus “definite or probable” malignancy based on adjudication was 0.66 (95% CI 0.61 - 0.70). The PPV was 0.68 (95% CI 0.63 – 0.72) when the subsequent TAE form also confirmed the presence of malignancy. When possible malignancies were included, the PPV of physician-reported malignancies without a subsequent TAE form increased to 0.86 (0.83 – 0.89), and with a subsequent TAE form, 0.89 (0.85-0.91).ConclusionTwelve percent of initial physician reports of incident malignancy could not be confirmed with review of source documents. The most common reason for lack of confirmation was inability to obtain documents or insufficient data in source materials. These results suggest that timely collection of relevant medical records and an adjudication process are required to improve the accuracy of cancer reporting in epidemiologic studies.

The Life of Augustus by Nicolaus of Damascus and other literary sources on Salvidienus Rufus’ alleged conspiracy of 40 BC reveal the sustained effort of Roman historiography under Augustus to either delete or conceal any trace of political opposition to the princeps.

The article analyzes historiographical and literary sources which reveal the history of Greek migration to Ukraine, the main social, religious, ethnic processes which influenced the change of geographic residence of Greeks. The author introduces statistical data about areas of their compact residence in Ukraine. The compact accommodation of Greeks helped to revive the traditions and customs, not to lose the original linguistic status of Greeks. The territory nearby the sea of Azov is a region where the main part of Greek community lives. The opening of schools, the availability of the printed newspaper body, creating museums, organizing events, training students in Modern Greek at universities directly impact their self-identification. There were presented the data on the sustainable revival of the traditions in family, veneration the Christian traditions of the Greeks. The author has reflected the ethnolinguistic component of the Greeks in the multicultural space. The Ukrainian Union Federation of Greek Societies of Ukraine and other non-profit and non-governmental organizations have an impact on the formation of the national Greek identity. Due to their activities, these organizations contribute to the protection of the rights and interests of the Greeks, preserving the Greek Diaspora, the revival of national consciousness and spirituality. Key words: national identity; self-identity; Greeks; multicultural society.