Abstract
Abstract Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are formed by mixtures of chemical species that, under certain conditions, separate into two immiscible phases, with water as the major component in global terms and, at lower concentrations, polymers, salts, ionic liquids and alcohols, depending on the system type. Different parameters influence ATPS equilibrium such as temperature, alcohol carbon chain size, salt type, pH, etc. The present work aimed to obtain the binodal curves for ATPS made up of ethanol, sodium citrate/ammonium sulfate and water at different temperatures (15, 25 and 35 °C) as well as to evaluate the potential of the ethanol/ammonium sulfate system in anthocyanins partition. The results showed that the increase in temperature did not alter the biphasic region in the temperature range investigated, not influencing the formation of phases. Nonlinear equations were satisfactorily fitted to binodal curves data, except for sodium citrate-containing ATPS at 15 °C. Higher concentration of the overall mixture resulted in longer tie-line of ammonium sulphate-containing ATPS. Higher values of partition coefficient and recovery yield of Syzygium cumini fruit anthocyanins were obtained at longer tie-lines.
Highlights
IntroductionAqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are composed of two hydrophilic components such as polymers with different chemical structures (Albertsson, 1958), polymer and salt (Pereira et al, 2013), ionic liquid and salt (Shukla et al, 2018) or alcohol and salt (Lo et al, 2015), which under certain thermodynamic conditions lead to the spontaneous formation of two immiscible phases when at rest.ATPS formation was first observed by Beijerinck in 1896, when he mixed aqueous solutions of polymers (starch and gelatin, agar-agar and gelatin) (Iqbal et al, 2016)
The binodal curves of aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) composed of ethanol/ammonium sulfate and ethanol/sodium citrate at 15, 25 and 35 °C are shown in Figure 1, panels A and B, respectively
It is noteworthy that only few points were obtained at 15 °C for the Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) formed by ethanol/sodium citrate because of salt precipitation during titration, resulting in a short binodal curve
Summary
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are composed of two hydrophilic components such as polymers with different chemical structures (Albertsson, 1958), polymer and salt (Pereira et al, 2013), ionic liquid and salt (Shukla et al, 2018) or alcohol and salt (Lo et al, 2015), which under certain thermodynamic conditions lead to the spontaneous formation of two immiscible phases when at rest.ATPS formation was first observed by Beijerinck in 1896, when he mixed aqueous solutions of polymers (starch and gelatin, agar-agar and gelatin) (Iqbal et al, 2016). Studies have been carried out using different types of polymers, which combined at certain concentrations leading to phase separation (Oliveira et al, 2018). The use of ATPS has been suggested as an alternative to the conventional methods of extraction and purification of several biomolecules of technological and industrial concern (Shukla et al, 2018), owing to several advantages offered by them, among which are reduced number of separation steps, lower costs and higher purity of recovered products (Oliveira et al, 2018). Phases are constituted mainly by water, which makes the environment milder for biomolecules, preserving and maintaining their biological activity (Asenjo & Andrews, 2011)
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