Abstract
Cilia are specialized cellular structures with distinctive roles in various signaling cascades. Ciliary proteins need to be trafficked to the cilium to function properly; however, it is not completely understood how these proteins are delivered to their final localization. In this review, we will focus on how different lipid modifications are important in ciliary protein trafficking and, consequently, regulation of signaling pathways. Lipid modifications can play a variety of roles, including tethering proteins to the membrane, aiding trafficking through facilitating interactions with transporter proteins, and regulating protein stability and abundance. Future studies focusing on the role of lipid modifications of ciliary proteins will help our understanding of how cilia maintain specific protein pools strictly connected to their functions.
Highlights
The primary cilium is an organelle that protrudes from the surface of a cell and functions as a signaling hub
Palmitoylation has a huge impact on cellular functions, with 10% of the proteome palmitoylated, but is understudied compared to other post-translational modifications (PTMs)
The loss of palmitate through its enzymatic removal or a cysteine mutation has been shown to reduce the biological activity of Wnt, indicating that lipid modification is integral to the signaling pathway [42,70]
Summary
The primary cilium is an organelle that protrudes from the surface of a cell and functions as a signaling hub It is a solitary, non-motile, polarized structure serving as a sensory organelle for the cell. We will focus on how lipid modifications are involved in the trafficking of specific ciliary proteins and in the regulation of signaling pathways. Studies have proposed that the targeting of G-protein-coupled receptors may involve multiple and even competitive mechanisms Exploring these mechanisms is important, though care should be taken regarding quantification methods of protein enrichment in cilia considering its specific geometry [18]. Lipid modifications are integral for proper localization, distribution, abundance, stability and function of several cilia proteins [19,20,21,22,23,24]. Two independent ciliary targeting signals: one within the RLD and the other near the C-terminus
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