Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to examine the association between lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) with dietary pattern (DP) in the US adults. Participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with data available on dietary intake from 2005 to 2010 were included. DPs were derived by principal component analysis. We applied analysis of covariance and multivariable-adjusted linear regressions accounting for the masked variance and utilizing the proposed weighting methodology. The analytical sample comprised 18,318 participants (mean age = 45.8 years), of whom 48.3% (n = 8607) were men with no age difference by gender (P = .126). The first DP was representative of a diet rich in carbohydrate and sugar, total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA), high-caloric dieatry pattern; the second DP was highly loaded with vitamins, minerals and fiber (nutrient-dense dietary patten), and the third DP was mainly representative of high dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (healthy fat DP). The adjusted (age, sex, race, physical activity, smoking, C-reactive protein) mean of LAP, VAI and glucose homeostasis indices increased across increasing quarters of the first DP score (all P < .001), while across increasing score of the second DP, the adjusted mean of LAP, VAI, glucose homeostasis indices decreased (all P < .001). Findings were similar in adjusted linear regressions models. Our findings support that affordable measurements, such as VAI and LAP, could be good alternative surrogate markers of visceral fat. They are also significantly related to DPs in same line as with glucose/insulin homeostasis and anthropometric indices.
Highlights
Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is one of the most deleterious fat depots in the body, with strong links with cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.[1,2] Lipid accumulation product (LAP) index, a recently developed biomarker of central fat accumulation, has been recommended as a precise indicator of the risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.[3,4,5] Higher LAP has been associated with abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, as well as elevated alanine aminotransferase in healthy individuals.[6]
Findings from this study revealed that adiposity factors and markers of glucose/insulin homeostasis were positively associated with the diet which highly consisting of the carbohydrate and sugar, total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA), and inversly associated with diet comprising vitamins, minerals, and fiber
In contrast to our findings, in a prospective study, no relation was detected between SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and 5-year percent change in VAT[14]; one cross-sectional study revealed a positive association between fat intake and VAT in overweight young adults aged 17 to 35 years.[14]
Summary
Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is one of the most deleterious fat depots in the body, with strong links with cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer.[1,2] Lipid accumulation product (LAP) index, a recently developed biomarker of central fat accumulation, has been recommended as a precise indicator of the risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.[3,4,5] Higher LAP has been associated with abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, as well as elevated alanine aminotransferase in healthy individuals.[6]. The VAT seems to be affected by diet and lifestyle modifications.[9,10] it has been suggested that VAT is mainly influenced by the non-caloric qualitative aspects of diet, evidence on the association between macronutrient composition of diet and VAT, is still limited. A recent investigation indicated that consuming energy mainly as carbohydrate or fat for 3 months did not affect visceral fat and metabolic syndrome in a low-processed, lower-glycemic dietary context.[11] There are contradictory findings regarding the Mazidi et al Medicine (2018) 97:19
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