Lično ili univerzalno? Poređenje odgovora slušalaca i audio karakteristika

BackgroundRussian physiologists and psychologists posed the questions of the levels of psychic regulation of the temperament, character and personality (Anan’ev, 1980; Nebylitsin, 1966; Pavlov, 1951; Teplov, 1963). The aim of our study was to observe the differences due to both – cultural nature and individual changes in personality – relevant to adjustment mechanisms in Arabic migrants in Spain. MethodProprioceptive Diagnostics of Temperament and Character (DP-TC, Tous Ral et al., 2012) was used to obtain observations in fine motor performance in two groups: immigrants from Morocco to Spain and Spaniards. The DP-TC of individual and personality differences is based on fine motor precision tasks and allows comparing performances of participants from different cultures with no bias of linguistic interpretation. ResultsThe significant differences in fine motor performance (proprioceptive condition) were found in average group's results. The consequent interpretation of their personality and individual behavioural differences was realised as per the DP-TC test dimensions. The results are discussed in terms of the interplay between possible cultural and individual differences concerning changes, related to the adjustment in migration processes. ConclusionThe assertiveness’-related temperament-features in migrants were found low together with cultural differences in variability of behaviour and attention style.

Much of human communication is nonverbal, through body and movement expression and messages. Different cultures and societies have their own nonverbal lexicons that are a crucial part of each person's individual movement patterns. Conflicts between members of different cultures that often first unconsciously arise on the nonverbal level can contribute to serious misunderstandings of another's behavior and motivation. This workshop offered participants an opportunity to explore those cultural and personal differences in movement style that may contribute to conflicts, such as those between Israelis and Palestinians. The authors use a descriptive language for human movement (Laban movement analysis) that provides objective and systematic information on “how” we move.

This study used samples of adults from the United States (n = 285) and the People's Republic of China (n = 450) to examine age, gender, and culture differences in personality. Participants in both samples ranged from 20 to 87 years of age and responded to the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). Factor analyses of the CPI resulted in 4 personality factors (i.e., extraversion, control/norm orientation, flexibility, femininity/masculinity), with high congruence across cultures after targeted rotation. Multivariate analyses of variance with scale scores revealed significant Age Group 3 Culture and Gender 3 Culture interactions, and significant main effects of age, gender and culture. Specifically, negative age differences were found for scales that loaded on extraversion and flexibility, with older adults having lower scores on these scales. In contrast, positive age differences were found for scales indicative of control/norm orientation. In general, age differences were more pronounced for Chinese adults than for U.S. adults.

Scholarship on Australian composition regularly draws attention to practices of unethical borrowing from Indigenous musical cultures, especially the incorporation of musical elements or themes from Australian Aboriginal traditions within orchestral compositions. By contrast, recent collaborative endeavours by improvising musicians renew approaches towards co-creation across cultural differences, foregrounding the generative interactions of Indigenous performance and ceremonial narratives. Exploring features of integration and juxtaposition in Nyilipidgi, by celebrated Australian pianist-composer Paul Grabowsky, this paper shows how jazz composition might be utilised to structure collaborations characterised by responsive listening and improvisation. We argue that Grabowsky’s compositional processes extend from narrative themes within the Yolŋu manikay tradition and performance practice of Wägilak ceremonial leaders, and that his approach sustains relationships between different people and cultures through musical integration and juxtaposition. Further, by outlining the development of Grabowsky’s collaborations with Wägilak singers, we argue that engagements between Indigenous and non-indigenous musicians are best enabled through long-term relationships of trust and the celebration of those relationships in performance.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a ubiquitous and serious problem, the prevalence of which varies greatly around the world. Previous research shows that cultural factors interact with personality and that this interaction influences cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors that are related to personal and individual styles of resolving conflicts. In relation to this, the present study has three aims: comparing the self-reported IPV (physical, psychological and sexual) of English and Spanish offenders, comparing the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III) scores of the two groups, and examining the association between country of origin, psychopathology, and IPV. The sample consists of 147 IPV offenders (80 English and 67 Spanish). The measures used were the MCMI-III and the Conflict Tactics Scale 2. The Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the English and Spanish sample, and independent logistic regressions were used to examine the relationship between personality patterns, psychopathology and culture, and IPV. Higher frequencies of physical and psychological aggression were found in the English group compared with the Spanish group as well as several differences in personality patterns and psychopathology between the groups. Some MCMI-III subscales also interact with nationality and predict physical and psychological aggression. The relevance of these results for intervention is discussed.

This article reports a study that documents United States–Japan differences in emotion regulation and demonstrates that those differences are entirely accounted for by individual differences in personality. These findings raise questions about studies that merely document cross-national differences in a psychological variable yet attribute the source of the observed differences to cultural variables without empirical justification to do so. Such differences may be accounted for by aggregate differences in personality.

International schools provide a unique context for examining the influence of culture on adolescent personality and identity. In order to investigate whether intercultural education attenuates or amplifies known cultural differences in personality, the traits of 81 students from Chinese, North American, and mixed Chinese-North American cultural backgrounds were assessed. An online version of a Five Factor Model (FFM) personality inventory was used to measure personality. Students participating in the study attended a large, American international high school in Hong Kong. Despite previous studies showing cultural differences in personality, MANOVA results yielded no significant differences between the personality traits of students from Chinese, North American or mixed Chinese-North American cultural backgrounds. The findings support theories that propose intercultural schooling is associated with acculturation. Paradoxically, numerous qualitative investigations of cultural identity have concluded that a more distinctive, amplified cultural identity emerges when individuals move to more multicultural environments. The paper considers these different findings and the role of personality in culturally diverse classrooms. Implications for intercultural education are discussed.

This paper investigates the effect of decision-makers' culture on their implicit choice of how to make decisions. In a content analysis of major decisions described in American and Chinese twentieth-century novels, we test a series of hypotheses based on prior theoretical and empirical investigations of cross-cultural variation in human motivation and decision processes. The data show a striking degree of cultural similarity in the relationships between decision content, situational characteristics and the decision mode(s) employed, but also support several hypotheses about cultural differences. As predicted, Chinese decision-makers more frequently used role-based logic (a form of recognition-based decision-making) to arrive at decisions, by virtue of their greater awareness of and need for relational obligations. The hypothesis (based on conjectures about Chinese thinking style and personality differences) that Chinese decision-makers would show more rule-and case-based decision-making (two other variants of recognition-based decision-making) than decision-makers in American novels was also supported. After controlling for other predictor variables, there also was support for the hypothesis (based on comparative analyses of Chinese and Western philosophy) that analytic modes which base decisions on the calculation of best consequences would be used less frequendy by Chinese decision-makers. There was no evidence of greater prevention focus in Chinese decisions. These and other observed cultural similarities and differences in the dynamics of decision mode selection have implications for the study and practice of decision-making in managerial settings.

The study evaluated the Five Factor Model (FFM) in populations of child molesting sexual offenders from the UK and Spain, comparing these FFM-based personality traits in relation to population norms for both countries. Our objective was to study if there exists cultural patterns in personality differences between child molesters and general populations. In this study were included two groups from the general population (United Kingdom-Spain) and two groups of child molester (United Kingdom-Spain). The results showed that the differences in Neuroticism between the general population and child molesters for both countries reflect the same pattern. Whereas some personality domains (Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness) between general population and sex offenders against children did not show the same pattern in both countries, this may reflect cultural differences. The current study provides evidence of: 1) existence of cultural differences in FFM characteristics between general population and child molester and 2) existence of personality characteristics of sex offenders against children (as high Neuroticism) that are independent of the culture.

The Temperament and Character Inventory is a widely used personality questionnaire. It was developed to measure the four temperament dimensions of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence, as well as three character dimensions, such as Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, described in Cloninger's unified biosocial theory of personality. In a sample of 300 Germans, 300 Swedes, and 316 Iranian subjects, a factorial structure analysis using the Procrustes rotation method showed the structure of personality to be generally equivalent across cultures. Noteworthy cultural differences between the overall Asian and European subjects reflected by the data were observed in various Temperament and Character dimensions. Seemingly, there are cultural differences in the expression of the various personality facets that require a replacement of many items in the Iranian version. The Temperament and Character Inventory is sensitive to age, sex, and cultural differences in personality.

The Temperament and Character Inventory is a widely used personality questionnaire. It was developed to measure the four temperament dimensions of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence, as well as three character dimensions, such as Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, described in Cloninger's unified biosocial theory of personality. In a sample of 300 Germans, 300 Swedes, and 316 Iranian subjects, a factorial structure analysis using the Procrustes rotation method showed the structure of personality to be generally equivalent across cultures. Noteworthy cultural differences between the overall Asian and European subjects reflected by the data were observed in various Temperament and Character dimensions. Seemingly, there are cultural differences in the expression of the various personality facets that require a replacement of many items in the Iranian version. The Temperament and Character Inventory is sensitive to age, sex, and cultural differences in personality.

We examined the interplay between three explanatory hypotheses for why older adults appear to rate their problems as less stressful than do younger adults: age-related differences in personality, in types of problems, and in the appraisal process-specifically, the number of primary stress appraisals. A sample of 1054 men from the Normative Aging Study (mean age = 65.02; range = 45 to 92) were interviewed about a problem in the past week. Personality did not mediate the effect of age on stress ratings. While general hassles and health problems both increased with age, they had opposite influences on stress ratings. Accounting for covariates, older men reported fewer appraisals, and the number of appraisals mediated the association between age and stress ratings. We found no moderating effects of problem type on these processes. Thus, lower stress ratings for everyday problems in later life may result from developmental changes in primary appraisal processes.

Cultural Differences in Personality and Self-determination Across the Stages of Exercise Behavior Change in Korean and American Older Adults

Several psychoanalytic writers have attributed cultural differences in personality to pregenital fixation. The present study empirically assessed oral fixation in Hindu, Muslim, and Protestant college students. Questionnaire measures of oral optimism and oral pessimism character traits were administered to 206 English college students (47 Hindus, 96 Muslims, and 63 Protestants). Analysis of means showed that Protestants displayed significantly more oral optimism traits than the Hindus. No significant differences were found between Protestant and Muslim means or between Hindu and Muslim means. No mean differences were found for oral pessimism traits. Further research examining cultural differences of infantile experiences is proposed before conclusions are drawn regarding the etiology of the reported differences.

Previous studies have not found cross-cultural full measurement invariance for the Level of Personality Functioning Scale – Brief Form 2.0 (LPFS-BF 2.0). While invariance analysis ensures valid cross-cultural comparisons, it may not capture all possible cultural impacts. One possibility is to employ network analysis to compare countries regarding connections and centrality indicators. This study aimed to validate the cross-cultural applicability of the LPFS-BF 2.0 across eight countries: Australia, Brazil, the United Kingdom, Iran, Italy, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. The sample comprised 4,310 adults (aged between 18 to 84); the majority of the total sample reported being women (72.9%), being Caucasian (56.6%) who completed the LPFS-BF 2.0. Measurement invariance was assessed using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), while network analysis explored the centrality and interrelationships of LPFS-BF 2.0 items within each country. Our findings mark the first time full invariance across different cultures was observed with the LPFS-BF 2.0. Network analysis revealed unique cultural patterns in item centrality, suggesting the need for further refinement of specific items to address cultural differences. The study highlights the LPFS-BF 2.0 as a robust tool for assessing personality functioning globally and underscores the importance of culturally sensitive adaptations in personality assessment. Network analysis offers an innovative method for assessing cultural differences in personality, and identifying stable and variable aspects of pathology to inform clinical interventions.