Abstract
Polymers obtained from biomass are an interesting alternative to petro-based polymers due to their low cost of production, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This is the case of lignin, which is the second most abundant biopolymer in plants. As a consequence, the exploitation of lignin for the production of new materials with improved properties is currently considered as one of the main challenging issues, especially for the paper industry. Regarding its chemical structure, lignin is a crosslinked polymer that contains many functional hydrophilic and active groups, such as hydroxyls, carbonyls and methoxyls, which provides a great potential to be employed in the synthesis of biodegradable hydrogels, materials that are recognized for their interesting applicability in biomedicine, soil and water treatment, and agriculture, among others. This work describes the main methods for the preparation of lignin-based hydrogels reported in the last years, based on the chemical and/or physical interaction with polymers widely used in hydrogels formulations. Furthermore, herein are also reviewed the current applications of lignin hydrogels as stimuli-responsive materials, flexible supercapacitors, and wearable electronics for biomedical and water remediation applications.
Highlights
As a result of the gradual depletion of fossil resources and the constant increase in the world’s population, the interest in finding an alternative, clean, and globally available resource has arisen.Biomass is the second most abundant material and, due to its composition, it has the ability to replace many petroleum products
The results indicated that lignin derivative ration does not reduce significantly the cells viability, so the resulting material could be considered as non-toxic
An assembly of lignosulfonate/single-walled carbon nanotube hydrogels was used of as lignosulfonate/single-walled nanotube hydrogels used as electrodes for the formationThe of electrodes for the formationcarbon of flexible supercapacitors (FSC)
Summary
As a result of the gradual depletion of fossil resources and the constant increase in the world’s population, the interest in finding an alternative, clean, and globally available resource has arisen. Fir, spruce and both larchtypes trees of and softwood is obtained from eucalyptus, eucalyptus, poplar and wood are used to produce different types eucalyptus, poplartrees. Both typesare of used woodtoare used todifferent produce types different types poplar and birch types wood produce paper, of paper, paper, the most used usedAlthough is softwood. This hasofan an advantage for obtaining obtaining lignin, since since this thisoftype type of of the most is.
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