Abstract
In this study, a technology for obtaining functional inorganic-organic hybrid materials was designed using waste polymers of natural origin, i.e., kraft lignin and magnesium lignosulfonate, and alumina as an inorganic component. Al2O3-lignin and Al2O3-lignosulfonate systems were prepared by a mechanical method using a mortar grinder and a planetary ball mill, which made it possible to obtain products of adequate homogeneity in an efficient manner. This was confirmed by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. In the next step, the developed hybrid materials were used as functional admixtures in cement mixtures, thus contributing to the formation of a modern, sustainable building material. How the original components and hybrid materials affected the mechanical properties of the resulting mortars was investigated. The admixture of biopolymers, especially lignin, led to cement composites characterized by greater plasticity, while alumina improved their strength properties. It was confirmed that the system containing 0.5 wt.% of alumina-lignin material is the most suitable for application as a cement mortar admixture.
Highlights
To cellulose, lignin is the second most abundant plant resource
Analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the biopolymers used was important for assessing the effectiveness of the formation of inorganic-organic hybrid materials
The results show clearly that the addition of biopolymers or of hybrid systems containing biopolymers makes it possible to increase the final slump result of cement mortar, indicating that they act as plasticizers, as has been confirmed by other authors [15,16,17,18]
Summary
Lignin is the second most abundant plant resource. It is characterized by an irregular and branched chemical structure, resulting from the condensation of three phenylpropanoid units [1]. The variety of oxygen-containing functional groups enables the use of lignin-based materials for removal of various contaminants from water, mainly environmentally hazardous metal ions [9,10,11]. In addition to these applications, the biopolymer is used in construction, mining, metallurgy and the oil industry. Half of the lignin-derived products manufactured worldwide are used for production of cement and concrete These materials are used as additives (0.5–2.0%) for production of bricks and ceramics, as components of plasterboard (0.1–0.3%), or for reducing the dust content in road construction [12]. The continuous expansion of potential applications contributes to the development of methods for binding chlorinated organic wastes from
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