Abstract
The presence of cationic dyes, even in a tiny amount, is harmful to aquatic life and pollutes the environment. Therefore, it is essential to remove these hazardous dyes to protect the life of marine creatures from these pollutants. In this research, crystal violet (CV) dye elimination was performed using a lignin copper ferrite (LCF) adsorbent. The adsorbent was synthesized and characterized using FTIR, Raman, SEM, EDX with mapping, and VSM, which proved the successful formation of magnetic LCF. Adsorption experiments were performed using different effective parameters. The highest adsorption potential (97%) was executed at mild operating conditions, with a 5 min contact time at room temperature and pH 8. The adsorption kinetic study utilized four kinetic models: first-order, second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich. The results revealed that the adsorption process complies with the pseudo-first-order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 34.129 mg/g, proving that the adsorption process mechanism is a physical adsorption process. Three isotherm models, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin, were examined. The adsorption mechanism of CV onto LCF was also followed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The thermodynamic parameters were examined and revealed that the adsorption onto LCF was an exothermic process. It was proposed that the adsorption process is a spontaneous exothermic process. LCF appears to forcefully remove toxic CV dye from textile wastewater.
Highlights
Bioethanol is one of the most alternative renewable energy sources that has gained a lot of global attention in recent years, as it can be produced from agricultural waste
The second band is at 2047.28 cm–1, which corresponds to the symmetric and asymmetric (C-H) stretching vibrations of the (CH2 ) and/or (CH3 ) groups related to lignin
It was found that the best process % removal (97%) in equilibrium time was 5 min, lignin copper ferrite (LCF)
Summary
Bioethanol is one of the most alternative renewable energy sources that has gained a lot of global attention in recent years, as it can be produced from agricultural waste. The world produces approximately 2.4 billion tons of agricultural waste, mostly disposed of incorrectly or open burned, leading to many environmental and health hazards [3]. The biomass mainly consists of lignin (15–30%), cellulose (30–50%), and hemicellulose (20–35%), which indicates that lignin is the second amplest component after cellulose. This polymer consists of complex phenyl propane units and is always produced as waste from bioethanol production and other industries such as the pulp and paper industry [4–6].
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