Abstract
Lightweight concrete can be effectively produced by replacing normal aggregates (60% to 75% of concrete volume) with a lighter alternative. With depleting natural resources, utilising waste materials, such as oil palm boiler clinker (OPBC), in concrete for structural use is one way to mitigate environmental concerns raised by the construction industry. This paper presents a review of the mechanical properties, structural behaviour and performance of OPBC concrete. Lightweight concrete using OPBC can be designed to achieve different compressive strengths with different mixes. The different OPBC concrete mixes result in different densities and workability. The degree of content and the type of OPBC substitutes used affect the flexural strength and 28-day splitting tensile strength of OPBC concrete. A different effect was observed in the modulus of elasticity as the drying shrinkage and water absorption of OPBC concrete are also impacted. This review study also compares the structural performance of OPBC concrete to that of conventional concrete.
Highlights
The need to meet the demand for concrete from the construction sector raises environmental concerns
At higher water-cement ratios, when oil palm boiler clinker (OPBC) concrete is mixed in accordance to ACI 211.2-98, the expected 28-day compressive strength was in the range of 17.00 to 33.17 MPa [22]
It was found that there was an increase of 28% in flexural strength when OPBC is used as 5% of fine aggregates, and an increase of 33% when used as 10% [27]
Summary
The need to meet the demand for concrete from the construction sector raises environmental concerns. The resulting carbon dioxide emission is making concrete industry to be not sustainable [1], and construction activities to be labelled as not “green” [2]. Lightweight concrete is still expected to have a compressive strength of at least 17.0 MPa for use on structures [7]. By using low-cost lightweight aggregate, the production cost of lightweight concrete is reduced. This has been shown possible with the successful substitution of aggregates with agricultural wastes for lightweight concrete production [11]. Full aggregate substitution with OPBC has been shown to reduce 30% of manufacturing cost and 22.62% reduction in carbon dioxide emission, with comparable structural efficiency (strength-to-weight ratio) to conventional mix concrete [14]
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