Light-stimulated smart thermo-responsive constructs for enhanced wound healing: A streamlined command approach.

During the period from October 2014 to March 2015, a total number of 82 seismic tremors and 66 ice-quakes were identified in both three-component short-period seismographs (HES) and broadband seismographs (STS-1) at Syowa Station (SYO), Antarctica. Statistics of the number of these tremors indicated that many tremors were likely to occur when large increases in temperature and/or wind speed during the period. This implied that the rapid increase in temperature enhanced a melting speed of cryosphere environment with generating seismic energy; the tremors were also excited by stormy conditions, associated with interactive resonance between sea-ices and oceanic swells. The characteristic tremors of harmonic overtones with strong amplitudes were explained by repetitive sources, suggesting inter-glacial asperities such as the collision of icebergs and fast sea-ice, calving of glaciers/ice-streams at the coastal environment of Antarctica. These high amplitude tremors occurred independently from other majority types of events, characterized by non-linear, small amplitude and weak signals at the stormy condition and rapid increase in temperature.

This study was to present the effect of different parameters of combined methods of drying such as vacuum-microwave (VMD: 480, 120 W), hot air (CDD: 70, 60, 50 °C) and combined methods as pre-drying by CD and finish drying by VMD (CD-VMD: 60 °C + 480/120W) in order to avoid a rapid increase in temperature at the critical moisture content of ca. 1 kg/kg dm (dry mass). Control samples were prepared by freeze-drying (FD). Drying kinetics, including the temperature profile of dried material, as well as on some quality factors of the finished product as phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and color were evaluated. The increase in air temperature during CD as well as the increase in material temperature during VMD deteriorated dried product quality in terms of the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and color. Dried jujube fruits have a long shelf life and therefore may be a fine alternative to fresh fruit all year round.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of microwave power during the vacuum–microwave drying (VMD) on sour cherries in terms of drying kinetics, including the temperature profile of dried material, as well as on some quality factors of the finished product including phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and color. The content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and color change were used as quality indicators of dried sour cherries. Sour cherries were dehydrated by convective drying (CD) at temperatures of 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C and by VMD at the initial microwave power of 240 W, 360 W, and 480 W reduced to 240 W and 120 W in order to avoid a rapid increase in temperature at the critical moisture content of ca. 1 kg/kg dry mass. Control samples were prepared by freeze drying (FD). The increase in air temperature during CD as well as the increase in material temperature during VMD deteriorated dried product quality in terms of the content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and color, which was consistent with anthocyanins content. However, VMD turned out to be much better than CD and competitive to FD. The best quality of the dried product and its more attractive color were achieved at VMD at 480 W followed by drying at microwave power reduced to 120 W, which corresponds to anthocyanins content. In addition, the drying process had a positive impact on contents of quercetin and keampferol derivatives. Dried sour cherries have a long shelf life and therefore may be a fine alternative to fresh fruit all year round.

Background: Magnetic hyperthermia is a recent therapy used to treat cancer. It is based on the heating of magnetic nanoparticles under the effect of an alternating magnetic field. A mathematical study was considered the effect of heating magnetic nanoparticles to obtain an increase in the desired temperature while causing minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissue. We investigated the thermal response of different materials. An analytical resolution is proposed to solve the bio-heat transfer problem in a two-zone tissue in spherical geometry with blood perfusion and metabolism. Bio-heat equation is used to predict the temperature rise in terms of characteristics of the different magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), applied magnetic field, and size of the tissue. Methods: The tumor is selectively loaded with magnetic nanoparticles of which are inside the healthy tissue, which does not contain nanoparticles. Under application of the magnetic field, the tumor will experience a rapid increase in temperature, which causes necrosis of the latter while healthy tissue remains safe. Results: Results of the thermal response of three ferro-fluid materials (fcc Fe Pt), magnetite and maghemite (volume fraction of MNPs p = 0.0001), on the tumor (size r =1[cm]) under application of alternating magnetic field (the strength and frequency of applied AC magnetic field H=10 [kA/m] and f=300 [kHz]) show an increase in temperature at the center, which vary from one material to another. It reaches 51°C for (fcc FePt); for magnetite and maghemite, it reaches 43°C. The simulations show that these nanoparticles provide the necessary power to conduct treatment with hyperthermia. The different parameters show that they have an influence on the temperature we observed, ranging from 45°C up to 51°C for volume fraction of MNPs E† = 0.00006, 0.00008, 0.0001. The strength of applied AC magnetic field varies as H= 5, 10, 15(kA/m) and shows significant variation for the temperature ranging between 42°C and 60°C. For the frequency of applied AC magnetic field varied as f=150,300, 450(kHz), the temperature varies between 44°C and 54°C. Finally, the effects of tumor size are considered, the temperature with parameters of (fcc FePt) MNPs, p=0.0001, H=10 (kA/m), and f=300 (kHz) at the center and at the interface of the tumor for a size of 10 mm radius is 51°C and 48°C, respectively. For a tumor of 5 mm radius, we note that the temperature decreases at 49°C and 47°C, which is due to the effect of blood perfusion. Conclusion: Theoretical evaluation of nanoparticles as warming agents for magnetic hyperthermia is carried out by combining the heat generating model and bio-heat transfer equation. Accordingly, (fcc FePt) MNPs were found to have a heat capacity greater than that of other MNPs such as magnetite. This study shows that each item contributes to a significant change in temperature, which causes us to determine the best to achieve optimal treatment. This therapy proves to be promoted with its ability to eliminate tumor tissue while preserving healthy tissue.

In this study, the heating capacity of nanocomposite materials enhanced with magnetic nanoparticles was investigated through induction heating. Thermoplastic (TP) matrices of polypropylene (PP), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyamide (PA12), and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) were compounded with 2.5–10 wt.% iron oxide-based magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) using a twin-screw extrusion system. Disk-shape specimens were prepared by 3D printing and injection molding. The heating capacity was examined as a function of exposure time, frequency, and power using a radio frequency (RF) generator with a solenoid inductor coil. All nanocomposite materials presented a temperature increase proportional to the MNPs’ concentration as a function of the exposure time in the magnetic field. The nanocomposites with a higher concentration of MNPs presented a rapid increase in temperature, resulting in polymer matrix melting in most of the trials. The operational parameters of the RF generator, such as the input power and the frequency, significantly affect the heating capacity of the specimens, higher input power, and higher frequencies and promote the rapid increase in temperature for all assessed nanocomposites, enabling induced-healing and bonding/debonding on-demand applications.

The temperature of a battery under charge is a characteristic parameter that can be used to control the charge to a Ni-Cd or a Ni-MH battery. As the battery reaches full charge, the internal cell temperature rises dramatically. Detecting this temperature increase can be used as an effective method of terminating charge to a battery. Temperature termination is an excellent approach assuming constant current cannot be used, and providing that any problems involved with sensing temperature accurately and reliably are taken into account. Nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries heat differently during charge, but both chemistries display a rapid increase in temperature as they enter overcharge. The rapid increase in temperature can be used to signal the onset of overcharge. However, every sustained rise of 5/spl deg/C in temperature at high charge rates will cut battery lifetimes in half as a result of subjecting a battery to repeated overcharging. Therefore, the temperature rise must be kept as small as possible. Thermistors can be used as a temperature sensor in such circumstances. >

Global vegetation has been reported to be turning greener, especially in China and India. The Yellow River Basin is one of the most prominent greening areas in China. While some studies have attributed vegetation greening to large-scale ecological restoration efforts, our study focuses on the role of climate change in vegetation greening. We selected a time series of annual vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) and vegetation coverage from satellite data to quantify the vegetation greening trend. Annual temperature and precipitation were selected to examine the climate trend from 2000 to 2019. The results showed that the Yellow River Basin experienced a rapid increase in temperature and precipitation during this period. Annual temperature increased with an average speed of 0.905°C per decade, approximately 4.5 times larger than that of global warming. Annual precipitation increased by 82.8%, with an average speed of 9.17mm per year. There was widespread vegetation greening in the Yellow River Basin during 2000-2019. This was demonstrated by an increase in vegetation NPP and vegetation coverage in the Yellow River Basin. The increase of annual NPP and coverage from 2000 to 1019 was 26.6% and 30.8%, respectively. Even while considering the effects of conservation and restoration efforts, the rapid increases in temperature and precipitation allowed vegetation to flourish, as evidenced by significant positive correlations between climate variables and vegetation variables. Therefore, climate change played an important positive role in vegetation greening, rather than an undesirable disturbance.

To differentiate thermal-stress (het-stress and cold-stress) from thermal-adaptation (heat-adaptation and cold-adaptation), the fish species Catla catla were subjected to different temperature treatments - a rapid increase in temperature from 22°C to 32°C at a rate of 1°C per hour (heat-stress) and a gradual increase in temperature at a rate of 1°C per 60 hours (heat-adaptation) - During heatadaptation, the fish showed a gradual increase in RBC number, while in cold-adaptation, a gradual decrease was observed. However, the percentage of recovery was higher in heat-adaptation compared to cold-adaptation. Interestingly, both heat-stressed and cold-stressed fish initially exhibited fluctuations in RBC number. However, the percentage of recovery in stressed fish was considerably lower compared to the fish underwent thermal-adaptation. Studies of this nature are highly useful in evaluating methods for the safe rearing and conservation of economically important Ichthyofauna of the aquatic habitat.

Annual and monthly air temperatures at meteorological stations covering nearly the whole vertical range (696–2,636 m a.s.l.) of the High Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) were analyzed for the period 1961–2007. The long-term variability in the air temperature at different altitudes was evaluated using two independent data sources. Upper-air temperature measurements from an aerological station near to the examined ground stations were interpolated to correspond to the altitudes of the stations. In spite of systematic differences between ground and upper-air temperatures, a comparison between homogenized time series showed a high correlation and identical periods of increase or decrease in both data sets, with the same periodicities, identical coolest and hottest years, and similar shifts in annual and monthly temperature distributions. An increase in selected isotherm altitudes in the period 1991–2007 was found when compared to the climatic normal period 1961–1990. A statistically significant linear increase in annual temperature (0.21–0.30 °C/decade) was detected in both data sets. The most rapid increase in temperature was found for July, August, December and January. A less significant increase was detected for spring and no change or even negligible decrease in temperature was found for autumn. The altitudes of selected isotherms were calculated with two methods: (1) linear fitting and (2) cubic spline interpolation of the vertical temperature profile. Particular combinations of data sources (aerological and ground) and calculation methods (linear fit and cubic spline) gave slightly different altitudes for the selected isotherms. The method used to calculate the isotherm altitudes should be taken into consideration when comparing results from previous studies. Linear increase in the altitude of selected isotherms of annual temperature, calculated for aerological and ground data, showed rates of 3.9–5.2 and 2.5–4.9 m/year, respectively. A significant linear increase in the position of selected monthly isotherms was found only for July and August. An increase in isotherm altitudes indicates a shift in the vertical climatic stratification.KeywordsTemperature Time SeriesGround MeasurementMonthly Time SeriesSpline Interpolation MethodTested Time SeriesThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Infrared video thermography was used to study space and time dependence of freezing in intact, attached leaves of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng.) seedlings. Freezing initiated in the midvein and spread through the apoplast at 10 mm s-1. Freezing of apoplastic water was detected by a local, rapid increase in temperature, and was followed by a slower increase in leaf temperature to the equilibrium freezing temperature as symplastic water moved from cells to extracellular sites of ice formation. The duration of freezing varied with position, leaf thickness and water content. Most of the cellular water in the leaf tip and margins froze quickly, while freezing was slower near the petiole and midvein. Regions that had frozen more rapidly then began to cool more rapidly, producing steep gradients in leaf temperatures and hence also freeze-induced dehydration. Thus, spatial variation in physical properties of leaves could affect the distribution of minimum leaf temperatures, and hence, the distribution and extent of damage due to freeze-induced dehydration. These results are consistent with patterns of freezing damage in autumn when the duration of freezing may be insufficient for the whole leaf to freeze before sunrise, and may explain the general observation of increased leaf water content and thickness with altitude.

Quantifying the physiological impact of environmental stressors on living organisms is critical to predicting the response of any given species to future climate scenarios. Oxygen consumption rates (μmol/g/min) were measured to examine the physiological response of the juvenile blue crab Callinectes sapidus from the Chesapeake Bay (Patuxent River, Maryland) to elevated temperature and dissolved carbon dioxide in water (pCO2) reflective of projected future climate scenarios. Treatment levels were selected to represent current conditions in the Chesapeake Bay (26°C and 800 μatm) and conditions predicted to occur by the year 2100 (31°C and 8,000 μatm). Crabs were exposed in a factorial design to these conditions throughout two successive molts (approximately 30 days). At the end of the exposure, the oxygen consumption rates of individual crabs were determined over at least a 10-h period using a flow-through respiration chamber equipped with optical oxygen electrodes. No significant effect of temperature or pCO2 on oxygen consumption was observed, suggesting the absence of a respiratory impact of these two climate stressors on juvenile blue crabs. Oxygen consumption rates were also determined for crabs that experienced a rapid increase in temperature without prior acclimation. The oxygen consumption rate of crabs may have acclimated to increased temperature during the 30-day exposure period before respiratory measurement. This potential acclimation, combined with high individual variability, and a relatively small difference in temperature treatments are likely the cause for the lack of a statistically significant difference in mean oxygen consumption rates by temperature in the core experiment. The results of this study suggest that the blue crab may be quite resilient to future climate stressors and underscore the need for species-specific studies to quantify the effects of climate change on estuarine crustaceans.

Experimental study of transient boiling characteristics on three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide networks

Problems associated with the effect of climatic and hydrologic characteristics (temperature, precipitation, river run-off) within the Russian landmass and prediction of the performance of water-power entities under these conditions are examined. At the present time, the world's scientific community is of the common opinion that climate changes are occurring on Earth. In a paper presented by the Russian Hydrometeorolo- gic Institute (1), it is noted that "comparison of model calcu- lations with data derived from observations of the tempera- ture of the air in the near-earth atmosphere yields convincing arguments in favor of the anthropogenic nature of global warming, whereby the effect of anthropogenic activity on the temperature of the air is manifested not only in global changes, but also on a continental scale." A large part of the Russian landmass f alls within a region of significant observ- able warming. During the period from 1976 through 2006, the increase in mean annual air temperature with respect to Russia on the whole was 1.33°C for the 31 years, i.e., ex- ceeded the average warming for a 100-year period, which had ranged from 1.00 to 1.29°C. Figure 1 shows the dynam- ics of the variation in mean annual air temperature in Russia during the 20th century. It is apparent from the plot that a particularly rapid increase in temperature was observed in the past 30 - 35 years Global warming of the climate may create, and has al- ready created serious economic, political, and social prob- lems both for Russia, and also for many countries of the world. It should be pointed out that in a zone of global warm- ing, the range of temperature fluctuations also increases. Values of both extremal low, and also extremal high tempera- tures are increasing. The wind regime and moisture regime are becoming more extremal in individual regions.

Recent studies indicate that a rapid increase in local temperature plays an important role in nerve stimulation by laser. To analyze the temperature effect, our study modified the classical HH axonal model by incorporating a membrane capacitance-temperature relationship. The modified model successfully simulated the generation and propagation of action potentials induced by a rapid increase in local temperature when the Curie temperature of membrane capacitance is below 40°C, while the classical model failed to simulate the axonal excitation by temperature stimulation. The new model predicts that a rapid increase in local temperature produces a rapid increase in membrane capacitance, which causes an inward membrane current across the membrane capacitor strong enough to depolarize the membrane and generate an action potential. If the Curie temperature of membrane capacitance is 31°C, a temperature increase of 6.6-11.2°C within 0.1-2.6ms is required for axonal excitation and the required increase is smaller for a faster increase. The model also predicts that: (1) the temperature increase could be smaller if the global axon temperature is higher; (2) axons of small diameter require a smaller temperature increase than axons of large diameter. Our study indicates that the axonal membrane capacitance-temperature relationship plays a critical role in inducing the transient membrane depolarization by a rapidly increasing temperature, while the effects of temperature on ion channel kinetics cannot induce depolarization. The axonal model developed in this study will be very useful for analyzing the axonal response to local heating induced by pulsed infrared laser.

Uniform, Scalable, High-Temperature Microwave Shock for Nanoparticle Synthesis through Defect Engineering