Abstract
As is well known, the basic process of light propagation in optical waveguides is due to the total internal reflection of the light at two or more interfaces. In the case of two parallel and abrupt interfaces the process is simply the zig-zag reflection of the light beam, while in the case of a graded refractive-index profile we can understand propagation by considering the grading to occur in a large number of small steps. Then a light beam that enters the waveguide at its center (maximum refractive index) will at first be refracted a number of times, and will eventually be turned around by total internal reflection. Thus, the beam can be expected to follow a smooth and periodic path.
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