Ligatura Basiliensis: On and Around the György Kurtág Collection

<i>David D. Hall</i>, Ways of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New England<i>Ways of Writing: The Practice and Politics of Text-Making in Seventeenth-Century New England</i>. David D. Hall. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Pp. 248.

90 SEER, 82, I, 2004 new ideas and examples by subsequent researchers. It has since vanished, but a few initial leaves, still preserved in the Academy of Sciences, may have come from this second fair copy. The paradoxical result is that in this way Paus's grammatical writings may have had almost as great an influence, though unacknowledged, as if they had been printed. It is relevant to recall that in the early 1740s in St Petersburg the Swedish teacher Michael Groening obtained a student's notes of Adodurov's lectures on Russian grammar, translated them word for word into Swedish and published them under his own name in Stockholm in 1750. In the eighteenth century plagiarism on this scale was a common occurrence. Paus followed Schottelius in compressing the then customary four-fold division of a grammar into 'Prosody', 'Orthography', 'Etymology', and 'Syntax', into just two parts, 'Etymology' and 'Syntax'. Not that the first two parts are completely ignored: they appear in vestigial forms in the opening pages of 'Etymology'. Just under three quarters of the grammar is taken up by 'Etymology', which despite its name covers the subject-matter of inflectional and derivational morphology. 'Syntax' occupies a little over one quarter. One must beware of giving the technical terms used by Paus their modern meanings: for example, Paus uses the word 'ending' to include both wordforming suffixes and inflectional endings, i.e. any morpheme which comes after the root (p. go). In fact, the fundamental principle on which his morphological system is based is the distinction between roots and derived words. Using Paus's working copy, which is preserved in the Department of Manuscripts of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg, Dr Huterer describes his presentation of the morphology of Russian, more thorough and sophisticated than that of any of his predecessors, identifies the sources of its examples, and discusses its relationship with contemporary, mainly German, grammars and its influence on succeeding grammars. The publication of the original German text of the entire manuscript, including the second part, 'Syntax', which is outside the scope of the present work, is planned. The overall outcome of Dr Huterer's investigations is to remove Paus's grammatical works from the Church Slavonic tradition, although there is evidence that Paus used the I648 edition of Smotritskii's grammar and Polikarpov's edition of 172 i, and to re-anchor them in the German and classical tradition of Western Europe. She is to be warmly congratulated on her thoughtful and careful study. ImperialCollegeLondon C. L. DRAGE Haney,Jack V. (ed., trans.).RussianWondertales. I. Tales ofHeroes andVillains; II. TalesofMagicandtheSupernatural. The Complete Russian Folktale,vols 3 and 4. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY, and London, 2001. 1i+ 443; li + 436 pp. Notes. Glossary. Commentaries. Bibliographies. ?56.95; ?57.50. THE two large volumes reviewed here represent the most comprehensive collection of Russianwondertales(volshebnaia skazka) everpublishedin English. REVIEWS 9I They form the third and fourth volumes of a magnificent series, which together with an introductory guide, aims to provide one example of every tale type of each kind of folk tale, based on the Russian refinement to the classic Aarne-Thompson folktale index (A-T), known as SUS, but more formallyas L. G. Baraget al., Sravnitel'nyi ukazatel' siuzhetov. Vostochnoslavianskaia skazka,Leningrad I979. Out of 450 A-T tale types world wide, 225 are given in SUS. Jack Haney's two volumes contain 250 texts, reflecting some more recent additions, with the few duplicated tale types being justified individually in the notes. Each volume is preceded by the same introduction, sensibly since a reader may only have access to one of the volumes. The first problem tackled is terminology. Conventionally known in English as 'fairy tales', the term is inappropriate for a culture unfamiliar with fairies, even though originally the wvord 'faerie' meant 'enchanted', something very close to volshebnaiaskazka, the Russian name for this type of tale. After surveying the various terms (but oddly not including the relatively common term 'magic tale'), Haney opts for wondertale. Then, with admirable succinctness, he discusses the main theories about structure, meaning and the tale's characters and origins, expanding in certain areas on what...

Having grown up, academically speaking, in the shadow of Arthur Hobson Quinn, who lived roughly half an hour from my college, Ursinus, and with so many of my college teachers having studied their American literature at the University of Pennsylvania, where Quinn was supreme when American literature was still a fairly new subject in university instruction, and now with myself looking like I might well be a contemporary of Quinn, or even Poe and John Greenleaf Whittier, and being from a family in which genealogy was important, it may be natural that I should represent historical memory and share my recollections of some persons who pioneered in and opened up Poe studies. Some may be surprised to learn that Professor Quinn was, first and foremost, not a Poe specialist, but that his preeminent scholarly love was American drama. For pre-twentieth-century American plays, Quinn’s studies typically remain, after nearly a century, almost the only informed commentaries. Many have become increasingly aware that William Dunlap, America’s first major playwright, and the novelist Charles Brockden Brown, might each properly be deemed the Adam to American literary Gothicism. To return to Professor Quinn: when I began my own academic studies, he was in his eighties, ill, and housebound. He spent most of his time nestled in a chair, swathed in blankets and quilts, and wearing a sun shade, claiming that reading so many early American plays had ruined his eyesight. Before such ills befell him, Quinn was active in having established the Clothier Collection of American Drama at the University of Pennsylvania, which remains one of the foremost collections of early American plays. The Poe interest emerged from Quinn’s own work in American drama—Poe’s parents being actors—and from his aim to furnish an accurate biographical portraiture of Poe which would demolish the long-standing depiction by Rufus Griswold. Spending more than twenty years in preparing that biography, which appeared first in 1941 but has stood the test of time well enough to go through several reprintings, Quinn achieved a solid narrative account, though many of his critical opinions have been modified or superseded in the work of others. A Quinn student, J. Albert Robbins, followed his mentor’s practices in determining to present factually accurate scholarship, as some early volumes in the American Literary Scholarship journal attest. Robbins often recounted to me anecdotes of his days as Quinn’s student. Those who know Quinn primarily for

This chapter describes Will Cook’s social relationships with his publishers to his personal friends. It characterizes Cook as hot-tempered, and argumentative. It discusses that Will and Abbie got divorced in August 1908 as a result of countless marital difficulties, and settled custody of the children out of court. It tells of a famous group, under James Reese Europe, known as Clef Club, which probably evolved from the Memphis Students. It also describes Darkydom as being offensive to many black patrons. It discusses that the Europe-Castle team was dissolved during the World War I in 1917. Jim Europe joined the army but Cook continued to serve as its assistant conductor and chorus master. The chapter explains that Cook’s association with the Clef Club introduced him to many of the men who would become players in his next musical group, the New York Syncopated Orchestra.

Lucy Freeman Sandler, <i>Illuminators and Patrons in Fourteenth-Century England: The Psalter and Hours of Humphrey de Bohun and the Manuscripts of the Bohun Family</i>. London and Toronto: British Library and University of Toronto Press, 2014. Pp. xxi, 383; 242 color and black-and-white figures and 1 CD-ROM. $70. ISBN: 978-1-4426-4847-0.

This paper examines the state of medical learning and practitioner identity at the time Constantine the African arrived in Salerno, Italy. The author utilizes surviving early manuscripts of medical texts, documentary evidence, regional chronicles, and early Salernitan antidotaria to frame the identity and activity of a renowned practitioner, a member of the Lombard princely family, who continued after the Norman conquest to work as a practitioner and health administrator, and to serve both the region and the Norman-Lombard leadership. The author concludes that pharmacy, particularly interests in exotic substances from the East, was one of the driving forces behind the transformation of medicine in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.

“Write Ch. [3 cancelled]2½.” This puzzling entry in Mary Shelley’s journal for 27 October 1816” (the birth date of sf if Frankenstein is indeed the first true example of the genre) is explained as referring to a Last Draft insert headed “Chapt. 2” which describes the first stage of Frankenstein’s supposed “conversion” from the ancient philosophers to modern science. This insert, originally intended either as an entire chapter preceding what became Chapter II of Volume I of the 1818 Frankenstein or as the opening section of that chapter, was subsequently shifted back into the preceding chapter. Then, most probably at the Fair Copy stage, it was revised and divided into two portions which replace material in the Last Draft cancelled immediately before and immediately after Frankenstein’s description of his witnessing an oak destroyed by lightning. Since the issue of Frankenstein’s “conversion” determines the generic identification of the novel as sf (perhaps the first such), and bears on the case for viewing sf generally as a mixed material/metaphysical genre, a detailed analysis of the relevant manuscript and published variants follows. The variant term “natural magic,” which appears twice in cancelled form in the Last Draft and nowhere in the 1818, 1823, and 1831 editions, accounts for significant aspects of the published and manuscript texts—the invocation of nature spirits, the term “dæmon,” references to the moom, and vairous “active,” “sublime,” landscapes, phenomena, and forces. These “traces” of natural magic significantly counter the impression that, in turning to modern science, Frankenstein entirely forsook the old philosophers. At the same time, the relatively clean writing on the British notebook leaves (the second half of the Last Draft), which seem closer to a previous, now lost rough draft ur-Frankenstein, which the Last Draft roughly copies, than the more heavily revised writing on the Continental notebook leaves, seems also closer to an original more purely gothic and supernatural conception. The overlaid sf conception is largely confined to what appears on the Continental leaves and, especially, the “Chapt. 2” insert on British leaves (and the corresponding 1818 text). (DK)

Many sessions at the International Telecommunications Symposium (ITS) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in August 1994, were multicast through the Internet as live audio and pictures to viewers in the US and elsewhere. The Multicast Backbone (MBONE) frequently carries meetings of the Internet community and special events such as Space Shuttle launchings. It is beginning to be used for workshops and other professional gatherings. Making one of its major conferences available through MBONE was a first for the Communications Society and a cooperative effort by many people that relied on the generous loan of equipment and staff members by a number of companies. A special satellite data connection extended MBONE from the United States to Brazil. The authors report on how it was done and what it means for the Communications Society.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

PurposeThe identification of a successful mix of strategic orientations is a big challenge for corporate sustainability and management research. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to explore and analyze the interrelationships among multiple variants of strategic orientations (i.e. entrepreneurial orientation (EO), market orientation (MO), technology orientation (TO) and sustainability orientation (SO)) that lead to the superior performance of sustainability-oriented small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a developing country context.Design/methodology/approachThis study utilized the case-study method to explore a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the interplay among multiple strategic orientations. The data were collected from the top management of SMEs working in Pakistan through semi-structured interviews, complemented with the data obtained through a structured survey and the firms’ documentary evidence. Interviews were content analyzed to reveal more rigorous and comprehensive results.FindingsThe findings of this study suggest that the strategic framework of successful firms utilizes the aspects from multiple orientations (EO, MO and SO) to create an appropriate alignment that ensures superior performance in a highly dynamic environment.Originality/valueThe key finding of this study is the identification of a configurational framework, Entrepreneurial Responsible Orientation, if successfully implemented, it has the potential to drive sustainable performance of the small firms particularly, and sustainable development of the country, generally.

To qualitatively determine factors that are associated with higher participation rates in community-based health services research requiring significant physician participation burden. A review of the literature was undertaken using MEDLINE and the Social Science Research Index to identify health services research studies that recruited large community-based samples of individual physicians and in which the participation burden exceeded that of merely completing a survey. Two reviewers abstracted data on the recruitment methods, and first authors were contacted to supplement published information. Sixteen studies were identified with participation rates from 2.5% to 91%. Almost all studies used physician recruiters to personally contact potential participants. Recruiters often knew some of the physicians to be recruited, and personal contact with these "known" physicians resulted in greater participation rates. Incentives were generally absent or modest, and at modest levels, did not appear to affect participation rates. Investigators were almost always affiliated with academic institutions, but were divided as to whether this helped or hindered recruitment. HMO-based and minority physicians were more difficult to recruit. Potential participants most often cited time pressures on staff and themselves as the study burden that caused them to decline. Physician personal contact and friendship networks are powerful tools for recruitment. Participation rates might improve by including HMO and minority physicians in the recruitment process. Investigators should transfer as much of the study burden from participating physicians to project staff as possible.

In this study, we compare the decision-making processes of online and offline buyers to examine the profound impact of digital marketing on customer satisfaction. As both the internet and related technologies continue to advance at a dizzying rate, digital marketing has become an indispensable tool in the quest to inform and delight customers. This study delves into the different digital marketing strategies used by brands to influence online and offline shoppers' preferences and intent to buy, including social media ads, email marketing, influencer endorsements, and targeted promotions. To conduct a thorough examination of demographic influences, buying patterns, and responsiveness to digital marketing stimuli, data was obtained from a varied sample of consumers using a mixed-method approach. This data was gathered using structured questionnaires and interviews. Online shoppers, who are more likely to depend on digital interactions and reviews, and offline shoppers, who place a higher emphasis on physical experience and personal contacts, exhibit significantly different purchasing behaviours, according to the research. The survey also shows that offline customers are more impacted by in-store experiences and special events, whereas online consumers are more influenced by digital marketing tactics that drive spontaneous purchases and brand interaction. Businesses may optimise consumer satisfaction and loyalty in an increasingly digital marketplace by targeting and engaging both categories effectively; our research contributes to a greater knowledge of how to do just that. The research also finds that marketers are having trouble combining their online and offline tactics, and it suggests ways they might overcome these problems. The significance of a well-rounded omni-channel strategy in meeting changing customer expectations is highlighted in this thesis, which provides helpful information for academics, retailers, and marketers who are interested in digital marketing dynamics and customer satisfaction. Keywords: Digital Marketing, Customer Satisfaction , Online Shoppers, Offline Shoppers, Social Media Advertising, Purchase Intention, Omni-channel Marketing

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe form of tuberculosis, causes death in approximately 25% cases despite antibiotic therapy, and half of survivors are left with neurological disability. Mortality and morbidity are contributed to by a dysregulated immune response, and adjunctive host-directed therapies are required to modulate this response and improve outcomes. Developing such therapies relies on improved understanding of the host immune response to TBM. The historical challenges in TBM research of limited in vivo and in vitro models have been partially overcome by recent developments in proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, and the use of these technologies in nested substudies of large clinical trials. We review the current understanding of the human immune response in TBM. We begin with M. tuberculosis entry into the central nervous system (CNS), microglial infection and blood-brain and other CNS barrier dysfunction. We then outline the innate response, including the early cytokine response, role of canonical and non-canonical inflammasomes, eicosanoids and specialised pro-resolving mediators. Next, we review the adaptive response including T cells, microRNAs and B cells, followed by the role of the glutamate-GABA neurotransmitter cycle and the tryptophan pathway. We discuss host genetic immune factors, differences between adults and children, paradoxical reaction, and the impact of HIV-1 co-infection including immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Promising immunomodulatory therapies, research gaps, ongoing challenges and future paths are discussed.

BackgroundAn increase of pertussis cases, especially in young infants and adolescents, has been noted in various countries. Whooping cough is most serious in neonates and young infants in whom it may cause serious complications such as cyanosis, apnoea, pneumonia, encephalopathy and death. To protect newborns and infants too young to be fully immunized, immunization of close contact persons has been proposed (“cocoon strategy”) and implemented in several countries, including Switzerland in 2011. The goal of this study was to assess knowledge about pertussis among parents of newborns and acceptance, practicability and implementation of the recently recommended pertussis cocoon strategy in Switzerland.MethodsWe performed a cross sectional survey among all parents of newborns born between May and September 2012 and 2013 in Basel city and country. Regional statistical offices provided family addresses after approval by the ethical and data protection committees. A standardized questionnaire with detailed instructions was sent to all eligible families. For statistical analyses, independent proportions were compared by Pearson’s chi-squared test.ResultsOf 3546 eligible parents, 884 (25%) participated. All three questions exploring pertussis knowledge were answered correctly by 37% of parents; 25% gave two correct answers, 22% gave one correct answer and in the remaining 16% no answer was correct. Pertussis immunization as part of cocooning was recommended to 20% and 37% of mothers and 14% and 32% of fathers in the 2012 and 2013 study cohorts, respectively. Principal advisors for cocooning were pediatricians (66%) followed by gynecologists/obstetricians (12%) and general practitioners (5%). When recommended, 64% of mothers and 59% of fathers accepted pertussis immunization. The majority of vaccinations were administered in the perinatal period and within 2 months of the child’s birth. However, cocooning remained incomplete in 93% of families and in most families <50% of close contacts received pertussis vaccination.ConclusionsImplementation of cocooning for protecting newborns from pertussis is challenging and usually remains incomplete. Pertussis immunization rates among close contacts of newborns need to be improved. Ideally, all healthcare providers involved in family planning, pregnancy and child birth should recommend cocooning. Pertussis immunization of pregnant women is an additional measure for optimal protection of newborns and should be promoted.

BackgroundDespite its ubiquity in academic research, the phrase ‘ethical challenge(s)’ appears to lack an agreed definition. A lack of a definition risks introducing confusion or avoidable bias. Conceptual clarity is a key component of research, both theoretical and empirical. Using a rapid review methodology, we sought to review definitions of ‘ethical challenge(s)’ and closely related terms as used in current healthcare research literature.MethodsRapid review to identify peer-reviewed reports examining ‘ethical challenge(s)’ in any context, extracting data on definitions of ‘ethical challenge(s)’ in use, and synonymous use of closely related terms in the general manuscript text. Data were analysed using content analysis. Four databases (MEDLINE, Philosopher’s Index, EMBASE, CINAHL) were searched from April 2016 to April 2021.Results393 records were screened, with 72 studies eligible and included: 53 empirical studies, 17 structured reviews and 2 review protocols. 12/72 (17%) contained an explicit definition of ‘ethical challenge(s), two of which were shared, resulting in 11 unique definitions. Within these 11 definitions, four approaches were identified: definition through concepts; reference to moral conflict, moral uncertainty or difficult choices; definition by participants; and challenges linked to emotional or moral distress. Each definition contained one or more of these approaches, but none contained all four. 68/72 (94%) included studies used terms closely related to synonymously refer to ‘ethical challenge(s)’ within their manuscript text, with 32 different terms identified and between one and eight different terms mentioned per study.ConclusionsOnly 12/72 studies contained an explicit definition of ‘ethical challenge(s)’, with significant variety in scope and complexity. This variation risks confusion and biasing data analysis and results, reducing confidence in research findings. Further work on establishing acceptable definitional content is needed to inform future bioethics research.

In the sensitive post-genocide cultural landscape of Rwanda, this research considers the significance of the recent revival of a musical group that was first popular in the pre-genocide Habyarimana era. Orchestre Impala was perhaps the most popular musical group of the late 1970s and 1980s, and its revival represents something of a novelty in Rwanda’s national cultural politics. Perhaps, we suggest, this may reflect a certain ‘normalization’ of culture, and a sense of continuity in Rwanda. Drawing on personal contacts with musicians, supporters, and observers, we conducted informal interviews, and analysed lyrics of songs still sung, those left behind and those newly created. What emerged was a careful and conscious process of selective recovery of past songs, and the creation of new songs, unified by their association with a genre known as igisope, a term explained in the article. Song texts, translated from the Kinyarwanda, are analysed as a form of historical commentary on the times that Orchestre Impala musicians survived and now find themselves in. We found that Orchestre Impala has been revived with great caution and sensitivity for the post-genocide context in Rwanda. Its popularity draws on shared social imaginaries across generations of Rwandans, and the band’s revival seems to signal improved possibilities in future for coming to terms with Rwanda’s pre-genocide past. We tentatively propose that revival of Orchestre Impala both reflects and helps to generate elements of cultural continuity in Rwandans’ musical landscape. The demands of surviving commercially as a band, implies that political praise-songs remain part of Orchestre Impala’s song repertoire today as during the Habyarimana era.