LIFE SCENARIOS AFTER STRESS – AN ANALYSIS OF STRESS EXPERIENCE IN THE STATE FIRE SERVICE

Цель исследования: оценка состояния нейроиммуноэндокринной системы студентов до и после воздействия острого стрессорного фактора, в зависимости от разного исходного уровня стресса (отсутствия или наличия хронического стресса). Методы. Обследованы 84 студента (мужчин и женщин). Для определения исходного состояния все респонденты проходили анкетирование по шкале Лемура-Тесье-Филлиона (психологическое тестирование), а также экспресс-метод оценки физического состояния организма, предложенный Е.А. Пироговой (тестирование общей и анаэробной работоспособности). Также изучены антропометрические показатели, показатели функциональной активности сердечно-сосудистой системы, и определено содержание в венозной крови кортизола, IL-1β и S100B. Забор крови проводили дважды, в утренние часы: 1) на первом занятии по дисциплине «Патологическая физиология, клиническая патофизиология» (фон), 2) на первом текущем контрольном занятии по изучаемой дисциплине (острый стресс). По результатам психологического тестирования было определено две исследуемые группы: I группа (норма) – группа с нормальным исходным состоянием (40 человек), II группа (ПХС) – с признаками хронического стресса (44 человека). Результаты. Показано, что в целом по выборке, использованная модель острого стресса приводит к снижению уровня физического здоровья и возрастанию кардиореспираторного индекса. Исследованные группы I и II различались как по фоновым величинам уровня кортизола в крови (82,59 нмоль/л в группе I против 117,3 нмоль/л в группе II, р < 0,001), так и по динамике данного показателя в ситуации острого стресса: уровень кортизола в группе с нормальным исходным состоянием после воздействия стрессора (острый стресс) снизился в 12,5 раз, а в группе с признаками хронического стресса – только в 2 раза. Выявлено, что уровень кортизола в сыворотке крови более 94,39 нмоль/л может являться индикатором хронического стресса, что подтверждено при построении ROC-кривой: AUC=0,795, с вероятностью 77%. Содержание S100B, как фактора повреждения нейронной ткани, между анализируемыми группами не различалось, и не изменялось под влиянием острого стресса. Изменений содержания IL-1β также не обнаружено. Заключение. Стресс негативно влияет на показатели физического здоровья, однако признаков нейровоспалительной реакции в использованных модельных ситуациях острого и хронического стресса нами не выявлено. Aim of the study: to assess the state of the neuroimmunoendocrine system of students before and after exposure to an acute stress factor, depending on different initial levels of stress (absence or presence of chronic stress). Methods. 84 students (men and women) were examined. To determine the initial state, all respondents underwent a survey using the Lemur-Tessier-Fillion scale (psychological testing), as well as an express method for assessing the physical state of the body, proposed by E.A. Pirogova (testing of general and anaerobic performance). Anthropometric indicators, indicators of functional activity of the cardiovascular system were also studied, and the content of cortisol, IL-1β and S100B in venous blood was determined. Blood sampling was carried out twice, in the morning: 1) at the first lesson in the discipline “Pathological physiology, clinical pathophysiology” (background), 2) at the first current control lesson in the discipline being studied (acute stress). Based on the results of psychological testing, 2 study groups were identified: Group I (norm) – a group with a normal initial state (40 people), Group II (PCS) – with signs of chronic stress (44 people). Results. It was shown that in the sample as a whole, the used model of acute stress leads to a decrease in the level of physical health and an increase in the cardiorespiratory index. The studied groups I and II differed both in the background values of cortisol levels in the blood (82.59 nmol/l in group I versus 117.3 nmol/l in group II, p < 0.001), and in the dynamics of this indicator in a situation of acute stress: the level of cortisol in the group with normal initial state after exposure to a stressor (acute stress) decreased by 12.5 times, and in the group with signs of chronic stress – only by 2 times. It was revealed that a cortisol level in the blood serum of more than 94.39 nmol/l may be an indicator of chronic stress, which was confirmed by constructing an ROC curve: AUC = 0.795, with a probability of 77%. The content of S100B, as a factor of damage to neural tissue, did not differ between the analyzed groups and did not change under the influence of acute stress. No changes in IL-1β content were also detected. Conclusion. Stress negatively affects indicators of physical health; however, we did not identify signs of a neuroinflammatory reaction in the model situations of acute and chronic stress used.

High levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have the potential to buffer against physical and mental health impairments, which can result from exposure to occupational stress. Police officers are especially at risk of high psychosocial stress; therefore, effective intervention strategies are warranted. Given this background, the purpose of the present study was to examine whether police officers with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness differ with regard to their (a) physiological stress reactivity during acute real-life stress situations, and (b) physiological recovery related to acute and chronic work stress. In total, 201 police officers took part in this study (M = 38.6 years, SD = 10.1, 35.8% females). Officers were contacted eight times on a smartphone during their workday, and asked to report their current level of positive and negative affect, as well as feelings of stress and anger. Physiological stress responses and recovery (heart rate variability) were assessed using Movisens EcgMove3 devices. The Åstrand bicycle ergometer test was used to assess participants' cardiorespiratory fitness. Chronic work stress was assessed using the effort-reward imbalance model and the job strain model. Multilevel modeling was used to test buffering effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological stress reactivity. Linear regression was applied to test stress-buffering effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological recovery. Results showed lowered physiological stress reactivity to acute work stress in officers with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, these results were not consistent, with no effects occurring for feelings of anger, positive affect, and negative affect. Chronic work stress (effort-reward imbalance) was related to lower physiological recovery. Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively related to physiological recovery. Data did not support interactions between work stress and cardiorespiratory fitness on physiological recovery. To some extent, cardiorespiratory fitness seems to have the potential to buffer stress reactivity in police officers in acute stress situations. Therefore, we encourage promoting fitness programs which aim to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness in stressful occupations such as law enforcement. Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness might further enhance physiological recovery from chronic work stress, which is thought to improve cardiovascular health.

BackgroundThe effects of stress on ill health have become evident in recent years. Under acute stress situations, a cascade of physiological events helps the body mount an appropriate adaptive response. However, under chronic stress situations, this physiological response may lead to wear and tear on the body that accelerates the decline in physiological functioning and increases the risk of chronic conditions. Recent evidence for social stress experienced during childhood suggests serious consequences many years later, even later life. Telomere length, a marker of cell aging, may provide a link between chronic social stress and age-associated physical and mental decline and risk of chronic conditions. This study examines whether chronic social stress is associated with telomere length throughout the life course.Methods/DesignWe will perform a systematic review of the literature on the relationship between chronic social stress, for example, due to violence, extreme poverty, or caregiving of people with disabling conditions (exposure), and telomere length (outcome) by searching electronic databases in MEDLINE (PubMed interface), EMBASE (OVID interface), Cochrane Central (OVID interface) and gray literature from their start date onwards. We will limit the search to studies performed on human populations. Two reviewers will conduct standardized screening, eligibility assessment, data abstraction, and scientific quality assessment. All study designs investigating the association between chronic social stress and telomere length in healthy or diseased adults and children will be eligible for inclusion in the review. We will extract individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, research setting, method of measuring telomere length, reported outcome, and determinants of interest. Studies will also be stratified by 1) age into 3 groups: childhood (0 to 18 years), adulthood (19 to 64 years) and late life (65+); 2) cell type; 3) study design; and 4) telomere length assessment method. Where feasible, study results will be combined through meta-analyses to obtain a pooled measure of associations. Results will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement.DiscussionThis systematic review will provide knowledge on the existing evidence for chronic social stress and its association with telomere lengths throughout the life course.

HPA axis and memory.

The relationship of self-concept (self-esteem and mastery) and social support to psychological distress was studied among 68 Israeli women immediately prior to undergoing biopsy for suspected cancer (acute stress) and 3 months later for the noncancer group (everyday stress). It was predicted that women with stronger self-concepts and more social support would experience less state depression and state anxiety during the acute crisis than women with weaker self-concepts and less social support. It was further predicted that self-concept would be more critical than social support due to the acute nature of the event. Finally, self-concept was predicted to be related to psychological distress both during the acute and everyday stress situations (a direct effect), while social support was predicted to be related to psychological distress only during the acute stress situation (a buffering effect). The hypotheses were generally confirmed. However, self-concept and social support were seen as complexly related to psychological distress during the acute phase, one not necessarily being more critical than the other. The selective employment of available resistance resources to fit the situation and implications for preventive intervention were discussed.

The differential effects of acute vs. chronic stress and their combination on hippocampal parvalbumin and inducible heat shock protein 70 expression

Accumulation of continuous life stress (chronic stress) often causes gastric symptoms. The development of gastric symptoms may depend on how humans adapt to the stressful events in their daily lives. Although acute stress delays gastric emptying and alters upper gastrointestinal motility in rodents, the effects of chronic stress on gastric motility and its adaptation mechanism remains unclear. Central oxytocin has been shown to have antistress effects. We studied whether central oxytocin is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress. Mice were loaded with acute and chronic stress (repeated stress for five consecutive days), and solid gastric emptying and postprandial gastric motility were compared between acute and chronic repeated stress. Expression of oxytocin and CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus was studied following acute and chronic repeated stress. Delayed gastric emptying during acute stress (43.1 +/- 7.8%; n = 6, P < 0.05) was completely restored to normal levels (72.1 +/- 2.4%; n = 6) following chronic repeated stress. Impaired gastric motility induced by acute stress was also restored following chronic repeated stress. Intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin (0.1 and 0.5 microg) restored the impaired gastric emptying and motility induced by acute stress. The restored gastric emptying and motility following chronic repeated stress were antagonized by intracerebroventricular injection of oxytocin antagonists. Oxytocin mRNA expression in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus was significantly increased following chronic repeated stress. In contrast, increased CRF mRNA expression in the SON and PVN in response to acute stress was significantly reduced following chronic repeated stress. Our study suggests the novel finding that the upregulation of central oxytocin expression is involved in mediating the adaptation mechanism following chronic repeated stress in mice.

The effect of age on the capacity of an organism to mobilize glucose and free fatty acids during stress and to adapt these responses from an acute to a chronic stress situation is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether aging impaired the capacity to 1) raise glucose and free fatty acid levels and suppress insulin release in acute stress situations and 2) develop adaptation of these responses to exposure to chronic stress. Our results indicate that 6-mo-old rats (young) trained to escape electric shock (short-term modulation) showed greater acute stress-induced hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic, and lipolytic responses than untrained young rats. By contrast, in 22-mo-old rats (old), responses of trained and untrained animals were not different. In the chronic stress (long-term adaptation) experiments, it was found that 1) adaptation of stress-induced hyperglycemia occurred at a faster rate in young than in old animals; 2) in young but not in aged rats, a strong positive correlation was observed between adaptation of stress-induced hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia; and 3) in young rats, stress-induced lipolytic responses declined proportionately to the duration of chronic stress exposure, whereas by contrast in chronically stressed aged rats steady-state levels of free fatty acids were not raised during exposure to stress. Thus we conclude that 1) glucose intolerance may play a key role in the altered stress-induced metabolic responses of aged rats; 2) with age, there is a loss of plasticity in physiological adaptive response mechanisms associated with metabolic responses to stress.

Background: Suicide by hanging mode is fourth leading cause of death; the majority in low and middle-income countries. Stress plays a key role in structural and functional changes in suprarenal glands and kidneys. Objective: To identify morphological and histopathological changes in kidney and suprarenal gland in hanging and correlating those changes with acute or chronic stress. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on 108 cases of hanging and sudden death collected from the Department of Forensic &amp; State Medicine of a medical college in India, based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. All macroscopic and microscopic changes in kidneys and suprarenal glands were recorded. Results: Most of the cases belonged to the 21–40 years age group; a male predominance was observed and most of the cases were from the rural areas. The length of kidney, cortical thickness, tubular necrosis decrease in chronic stress but increase in acute. Surface haemorrhage, congested interstitium, congested glomerulus increase in chronic and acute stress but cloudy degeneration, tubular cast, interstitial oedema decrease in chronic and acute stress. Suprarenal gland weight, thickness, capsular haemorrhage, congestion, sinusoidal dilation, lipid depletion increase in chronic and acute stress, but necrosis decrease. Nodular hyperplasia decrease in chronic stress but increase in acute. Oedema decreased in acute stress but increased in chronic stress. Conclusion: Differences in morphological and histopathological changes in kidney and suprarenal gland were observed in acute and chronic stress conditions. International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 09 No. 04 Oct’25 Page: 257-264

The article deals with the phenomenon of hardiness and its characteristics. The structural components of hardiness are identified as commitment, control, and challenge. It is analyzed that hardiness characterizes the ability of an individual to withstand a situation of acute or chronic stress, to maintain internal balance without reducing the success of activities. It is noted that hardiness can be considered as an analog of a person’s vitality, which reflects the degree to which he or she overcomes certain life circumstances. The purpose is to study the hardiness among Ukrainians as a holistic personal formation, which is due to the interaction of personal resources. The sample consisted of 110 people from Ukraine. The Maddi and Kobasa Hardiness Test was used to diagnose the hardiness. The results show that a high level of hardiness of Ukrainians is associated with an active attitude to life, self-acceptance, using circumstances to one’s advantage, evaluating life situations as consciously chosen, and interpreting stressful situations as an opportunity to gain new experience. It has been established that hardiness has little to do with a person’s age, i.e. the development of hardiness can occur throughout life, starting from childhood, with the help of flourishing personal resources. According to the level of hardiness, 43.6% of Ukrainians had a high level, 35.5% ‑ an average level, and 20.9% ‑ a low level. The peculiarities of developing hardiness and maintaining the optimal level of this resource for personal effectiveness are related to worldview, personal goals, self-acceptance, mental health and activity.

In living tissue, cells are constantly exposed to a wide variety of sources of oxidative stress under both physiologic and pathologic situations [1]. In most circumstances, the cell’s built-in defense mechanisms ensure that these stresses do not overwhelm the normal functioning of the cellular machinery [1]. In situations of acute or chronic stress or disease, however, these defense mechanisms may be overwhelmed or incapacitated. When this occurs, the cell may be destroyed, or its ability to properly function impaired, which in turn may lead to secondary disease processes.KeywordsCalcium TransientPhosphoinositide TurnoverCholesterol Ester HydroMessenger Signaling PathwayFree Radical InteractionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The interaction of acute and chronic stress impairs model-based behavioral control

Chromogranin A (CgA) has recently reported as stress marker in superior vertebrates. It is stored in granules of the chromaffin tissue and released to the bloodstream from the adrenal medulla and pituitary after stress situations. The objective of this work was to study the chromogranin A variation for acute and chronic stress in fish, aiming at determining if those proteins could be suitable stress markers. A chronic stress experiment was conducted consisting of two treatments, stressed and control meagres (Argyrosomus regius) for 6 months. The stressed groups were submitted to confinement and netting/chasing stress. The control group tanks were not disturbed along the experiment. A complementary acute stress challenge was performed exposing control fish to air for 3 min. Fish were sampled for blood, tissues and biometry. Plasma lactate and cortisol increased significantly after acute stress although glucose and proteins remained stable, and kidney cortisol and brain adrenaline were significantly higher. Kidney CgA decreased significantly in the acute stressed fish though brain CgA did not change. Final weight and length, growth and condition index were significantly lower in chronically stressed fish, though survival rate was not different between treatments. Plasma markers did not change significantly though kidney cortisol increased in chronically stressed fish. Brain noradrenaline was lower in chronically stressed fish. Both brain and kidney CgA concentrations decreased in stressed (chronic and acute) fish. Concluding, only kidney CgA and cortisol kept the same variation pattern in both stress types. Although cortisol concentrations in plasma and tissues have been widely studied, the tissue CgA concentrations related to stress have not still reported in fish. Initially, the depletion of kidney CgA could be considered as a chronic stress marker though it needs to be supported by future research.

Salivary testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio and non-verbal behavior in stress

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