Life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions for fluorescent lamps in mainland China

China is one of the largest fluorescent lamps consuming and producing countries in the world. However, there are few studies evaluating environmental impacts of fluorescent lamps in China. This study compared the environmental impacts of two lighting systems in China - compact fluorescent lamps and linear fluorescent lamps - throughout the life cycle. The methodological framework is based on the ISO standards 14040 and 14044. All the materials, energy use and pollutant emissions to the environment from each process were analyzed. The environmental impact was estimated for the 7 environmental impact categories: Abiotic Depletion Potential, Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, Eutrophication Potential, Respiratory Inorganics, Waste Solids and Water Use. The results indicated that the environment burden of the products was highest in the use phase due to electricity use. Impact caused by distribution and disposal can be neglected. According to the analyzed environmental impact categories and from an environmental point of view the linear fluorescent lamp is more appropriate source of light than compact fluorescent lamps.

A light diet for a giant appetite: An assessment of China's fluorescent lamp standard

Ozone layer depletion and global warming related to GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions from industries are a major issue globally. As these efforts, The parties of the Kyoto protocol adopted in the 3th UNFCCC’s conference set targets for average 5.2 percent reduction of GHG emissions from 1990 until 2012, should apply greenhouse gas emissions trading. The 18th UNFCCC’s conference of the parties to be held in Doha, Qatar agreed the Doha amendment to extend the Kyoto protocol that expires in 2012 until 2020. Furthermore, GHG emissions from the fishery industries also represent an important issue, as indicated by Responsible Fisheries at Cancun, Mexico, in The 16th UNFCCC’s conference of the parties, United nations conference on environment & development accepted Responsible Fisheries as important concern area. However, few research on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been performed. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the major Korean fisheries in needed before guidelines for reducing GHG emissions from the fishing industry can be established. The aim of this study was to assess the present GHG emissions from the Korean offshore large purse seine fishery using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method quantitatively. The result of this study will be helpful to establish a reducing method of GHG emissions.

global warming related to GHG (greenhouse gases) emissions from industries is a major issue globally. Furthermore, GHG emissions from the fishery industries also represent an important issue, as indicated by The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries at the Cancun, Mexico, meeting in 1992 and by the Kyoto protocol in 2005. Korea pronounced itself to be a voluntary exclusion management country at the 16th IPCC at Cancun, Mexico, in 2010. However, few analyses of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries have been performed. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from the major Korean fisheries is needed before guidelines for reducing GHG emissions from the fishing industry can be established. aim of this study was to assess the present GHG emissions from the Korean Purse seine fishery using the LCA (life cycle assessment) method. system boundary and allocation method were defined for the LCA analysis. fuel consumption factor of the purse seine fishery was also calculated. GHG emissions for the edible fish were evaluated by determining the weights of whole fish and gutted fish. Finally, the GHG emissions required to produce 1kg of whole fish and 1kg of edible fish were deduced. results will help determine the GHG emissions from the fishery. They will also be helpful to stakeholders and the government in understanding the circumstances involved in GHG emissions from the fishing industry.

In the present study, end-of-life compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) and linear fluorescent lamps (LFLs) have been characterized for the content of rare earth elements (REEs) to estimate the recovery potential of REEs in India based on their average obsolescence rate and waste generation. Yttrium (Y as Y2O3) in CFLs and europium (Eu as Eu2O3) in LFLs were observed to be the prevalent REE present with an average content of 251.8 mg/g and 9.7 mg/g, respectively. The content of REEs does not show statically significant (P < 0.05) difference in various brands of CFLs and LFLs. Further, the results advocated that around 2237 tons of REEs comprising of about 2154 tons from waste CFLs and 83 tons from waste LFLs could be recovered in India in the year 2017. It can be inferred from the present study that the end-of-life CFL and LFL waste streams could be viable secondary resource for recycling of REEs.

Uncertainty of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions was analyzed using the parametric Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method and the non-parametric bootstrap method. There was a certain number of observations required of a dataset before GHG emissions reached an asymptotic value. Treating a coefficient (i.e., GHG emission factor) as a random variable did not alter the mean; however, it yielded higher uncertainty of GHG emissions compared to the case when treating a coefficient constant. The non-parametric bootstrap method reduces the variance of GHG. A mathematical model for estimating GHG emissions should treat the GHG emission factor as a random variable. When the estimated probability density function (PDF) of the original dataset is incorrect, the nonparametric bootstrap method, not the parametric MCS method, should be the method of choice for the uncertainty analysis of GHG emissions.

The aim of the paper is to find out how the luminous flux of fluorescent lamps depends on the change of the source position. Linear fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps and circular fluorescent lamps were used for measurement. Linear and circular fluorescent lamps were measured in the horizontal and vertical position, the compact fluorescent lamp was measured with the slot facing down, and facing up, and also in a horizontal burner position. Measurement of luminous flux was done in an integrating sphere.

At present, urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from different wastewater treatment stages are attracting increasing attention. Based on the Guidelines of the China Greenhouse Gas List Compilation (Trial) and the IPCC National Greenhouse Gas List Guidelines in 2006, this paper evaluated urban GHG emissions from wastewater treatment in China from 2011 to 2020. The contribution rates of GHG emissions to the total GHG emissions were calculated for the different wastewater treatment stages. The variations in annual GHG emissions and differences in GHG emissions among different regions and provinces were also analyzed. The total amount of equivalent CO2 emissions reaches 1478.51 million tons, and the annual average amount of equivalent CO2 emissions from 2011 to 2020 is 147.9 million tons, which shows a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The distribution of GHG emissions from wastewater treatment is uneven among provinces and regions; Guangdong Province has the highest emission, while the Xizang autonomous Region has the lowest. The correlation and contribution rate analysis revealed that paper production and chemical and side food production could discharge a large amount of wastewater with a high COD content, which may have an important impact on GHG emissions during the wastewater treatment stages. According to the study results, CH4 accounts for the largest proportion (63.08%) of the total GHG emissions. The most important source of CH4 comes from the industrial wastewater treatment stage. The annual average CO2 emissions account for 22.24% of the total GHG emissions, which are mainly from the power and chemical consumption stage. The annual average N2O emissions account for 14.68% of the total GHG emissions and are mainly from the wastewater collection and discharge stage. Therefore, in the future, GHG emission reduction strategies should focus on CH4 emissions in the industrial wastewater treatment stage and develop CH4 recycling and utilization technologies.

Statistical analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of South Korean residential buildings

The environmental impact especially on climate change through the life cycle of fluorescent lamps (FL) was studied in this research. Products of interest are 36WT8, 18WT8, 28WT5 and 14WT5 FL. The different products were compared based on the same illuminating function, i.e. with the same brightness of 143,000 lumen for 36WT8 and 28WT5, and 26,250 lumens for 18WT8 and 14WT5. Majority of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission occurs during the usage stage due to the electricity consumption of FL. The overall GHG emission throughout the life cycle of each FL could be summarized as follows: 36WT8 emitted 21.9 tonCO₂e, 28WT5 16.7 tonCO₂e, 18WT8 5.1 tonCO₂e, and 14WT5 3.3 tonCO₂e. This reveals that T8 FLs released more GHG than T5 FLs as T8 consumed more electricity than T5. On the other hand, when considering only from raw material acquisition stage to manufacturing process of each FL, the results were: 36WT8 emitted 61 kgCO₂e, 28WT5 73 kgCO₂e, 18WT8 17 kgCO₂e, and 14WT5 26 kgCO₂e, which indicated that T5 emitted GHG more than T8. This was because the small size T5 FL inherited a more complicating and more energy consuming processes when compared to T8. However, the replacements of T8 with T5 according to the energy saving policy of Thai’s government necessitated the assessment of the ballast which is the other main component of the FL set and needed to be used together with the lamp. GHG emission through life cycle of 36WT8 with magnetic ballast equaled to 28.1 tonCO₂e meanwhile 28WT5 with electronic ballast was 18.9 tonCO₂e. This result demonstrates that the change of T8 FL into T5 FL can help reduce the amount of GHG emission up to 9.2 tonCO₂e. Therefore this policy could actually decrease the GHG emission per one lamp set. However, this analysis does not try to incorporate other impact categories and economics into the consideration which could have other implications.

This is the Final Report of the Next-Generation Energy Efficient Fluorescent Lighting Products program, Department of Energy (DOE). The overall goal of this three-year program was to develop novel phosphors to improve the color rendition and efficiency of compact and linear fluorescent lamps. The prime technical approach was the development of quantum-splitting phosphor (QSP) to further increase the efficiency of conventional linear fluorescent lamps and the development of new high color rendering phosphor blends for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) as potential replacements for the energy-hungry and short-lived incandescent lamps in market segments that demand high color rendering light sources. We determined early in the project that the previously developed oxide QSP, SrAl{sub 12}O{sub 19}:Pr{sup 3+}, did not exhibit an quantum efficiency higher than unity under excitation by 185 nm radiation, and we therefore worked to determine the physical reasons for this observation. From our investigations we concluded that the achievement of quantum efficiency exceeding unity in SrAl{sub 12}O{sub 19}:Pr{sup 3+} was not possible due to interaction of the Pr{sup 3+} 5d level with the conduction band of the solid. The interaction which gives rise to an additional nonradiative decay path for the excitation energy is responsible for the low quantum efficiency of the phosphor. Our work has led to the development of a novel spectroscopic method for determining photoionzation threshold of luminescent centers in solids. This has resulted in further quantification of the requirements for host phosphor lattice materials to optimize quantum efficiency. Because of the low quantum efficiency of the QSP, we were unable to demonstrate a linear fluorescent lamp with overall performance exceeding that of existing mercury-based fluorescent lamps. Our work on the high color rendering CFLs has been very successful. We have demonstrated CFLs that satisfies the EnergyStar requirement with color rendering index (CRI) greater than 90; the CRI of current commercial CFLs are in the low 80s. In this report we summarize the technical work completed under the Program, summarize our findings about the performance limits of the various technologies we investigated, and outline promising paths for future work.

There are two types of approaches for analyzing various aspects related to green-house gas (GHG) emissions, i.e., top-down and bottom-up approaches. Although the top-down approach focuses on macro-economic perspectives, the bottom-up approach is more suitable to investigate GHG emissions at an industry level utilizing domain-specific knowledge. For example, a bottom-up analysis requires a wide variety of data such as energy demands, conversion factors, and energy efficiency, which may be obtained by analyzing industrial process data. This study aims to provide a bottom-up approach for analyzing GHG emissions from shipbuilding processes in Korea. Reference energy system and energy balance for shipbuilding processes are derived for bottom-up modeling. Based on the midterm forecast on energy demands of the Korean shipbuilding industry, it is shown that the business-as-usual GHG emissions may be obtained. Relevant mitigation measures are then investigated to analyze their mitigation potentials for low-carbon ship production. 1. Introduction Global climate change has recently drawn an increasing attention due to its adverse effects on our environment. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Frame-work conventions on climate change, local and international experts have long called for more international cooperation in coping with global warming. The main idea of international cooperative efforts is to impose binding obligations for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on participating countries. Even though some countries have withdrawn their commitment and others have been reluctant to adopting definite targets for emission reduction, many countries have already established a designated national authority to manage their GHG emissions. Korea has also established a national authority called "GHG Inventory and Research Center (GIR)" in 2010. One of the most important roles of GIR is to manage the national GHG emission levels and set the abatement target of various sectors through an efficient and integrated management of GHG-related information. Recently, GIR has conducted a series of research projects to analyze GHG emissions of industrial sectors in cooperation with a group of experts. This study presents the results from the analysis of GHG emissions and mitigation potentials for the shipbuilding processes in Korea. It should be noted that the scope of this study is limited to constructions processes in a shipyard even though the shipbuilding industry may encompass a broader range of industrial sectors such as steel production and transport. Adopting Model for Energy Supply Strategy Alternatives and their General Environmental Impacts (MESSAGE) developed by International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in 1980s (Messner 1997), a bottom-up mathematical programming model is generated to derive the business-as-usual (BAU) GHG emissions in the construction processes in a shipyard. Abatement potentials of several technical abatement measures are also analyzed to help shipbuilders effectively cope with the issue of climate change.

A whole farm systems analysis of greenhouse gas emissions of 60 Tasmanian dairy farms

In recent years, the issue of climate change has gained significant attention and become a focal point of discussion in various sectors of civil society. Governments, individuals, and scientists worldwide are increasingly concerned about the observed changes in climate patterns, often attributed to the rising levels of greenhouse gases. In this context, the main objective of this study is to assess the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the railway system in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, and compare them with other national case studies, aiming to obtain greenhouse gas emission parameters specific to the railway system and propose mitigation models to address this environmental impact in the air. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was employed to examine the life cycle of the Pernambuco Metro. This involved conducting an inventory of resource inputs and emissions using actual observed data. Additionally, a comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions across different urban rail transport systems is presented to provide valuable contextual insights. The study findings reveal that the total greenhouse gas emissions from the Pernambuco rail system amount to 6170.54 t CO2e. Considering a projected total service life of 50 years, the estimated greenhouse gas emissions for the entire life cycle of the system’s operation and maintenance reach 308,550 t CO2e. The interdisciplinary nature of this research highlights the significance of studying the atmospheric effects of the Pernambuco railway system as a crucial parameter for designing strategies and technologies aimed at reducing air pollution within the region. Through quantifying and analyzing the greenhouse gas emissions of the Pernambuco rail system, this study provides valuable insights that contribute to addressing concerns related to climate change and promoting sustainable practices. It underscores the importance of developing effective strategies to mitigate air pollution and facilitates informed decision-making for the future of urban transportation systems.

Life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from organic and conventional food production systems, with and without bio-energy options