Abstract
For this present paper, we performed a life-cycle analysis and an evaluation of the mechanical properties of an epichlorohydrin/cardanol adhesive in a neat and a nano-filled form. Six different potentials and the cost of the adhesives were derived and compared with those of a commercial epoxy resin. Overall, the neat adhesive was found to be more environmentally friendly and to have a lower production cost. However, the addition of carbon nanotubes increased both the environmental footprint and the cost. The evaluation with regards to the mechanical properties was performed through a comparison of bulk properties and joint properties with the respective average values of commonly used structural and nonstructural adhesives from the literature. It was found that for all properties except for the Young’s modulus the novel adhesive had values greater than the average values of the cosmetic adhesives and for most properties it had values close to the average values of the structural adhesives. Moreover, the presence of the carbon nanotubes enhanced the mechanical properties of the adhesive except for the tensile strength.
Highlights
Life-Cycle Analysis and EvaluationIn the last decades, the application of bio-based polymers in the form of bulk materials, matrix and adhesives has been expanding very fast in the aerospace [1,2,3] and the automotive industries [4]
After a qualitative comparison with the works of [42,43,44], it can be concluded that the epichlorohydrin/cardanol adhesive developed in the present work presents a similar or lower improvement of the environmental impact compared to the other bio-based adhesives
The LSS of aluminum and composite joints and the Tg of both adhesives are in between the respective values of structural and nonstructural adhesives with the exception of the LSS of composite joints bonded with the carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-filled bio-based adhesive which is higher than the value of the similar joints bonded with commercial structural adhesives
Summary
The application of bio-based polymers in the form of bulk materials, matrix and adhesives has been expanding very fast in the aerospace [1,2,3] and the automotive industries [4]. Thermosetting resins, like the epichlorohydrin/cardanol adhesive, cannot be remolded and used in the same way again After their service life, epoxy resins and adhesives usually do not find themselves useful in a compelling application [8]. The most promising technique is that of the extensive hydrolysis [13,14], in which no chemicals harmful to humans and the environment are used In this way it is possible to recover the monomers of an epoxy resin and reuse them. Given that the bio-based polymers are prone to environmental conditions, in [26], the effects of hygrothermal ageing on the mechanical properties of the epichlorohydrin/cardanol adhesive have been characterized experimentally by subjecting bulk specimens and bonded joints to the conditions of 70 ◦ C/RH85% until saturation and testing them mechanically. We evaluated the mechanical properties of the bio-based adhesive by using definitions of “structural adhesives” from the literature and by comparison with average properties of a series of widely used cosmetic and structural adhesives
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