Life and Destiny. A Review on the Book “The Architect Iosif Karakis” by Oleg Yunakov

The revitalization of historic sites indicates that the historic sites was reconstructed and regenerated for adaptive reuse. It relates to the issues of social value judgment or social aesthetic judgment in a given society. The revitalization of historic sites implies that the adaptive reuse for the tangible cultural assets. It seems that it will rejuvenate any old things to new one. Hence, the historic site not only bears old symbolic meaning of cultural history, but also bears new symbolic meaning of mass recreation and consumption. Under the global and national contexts, revitalizing historic sites have become a prevailing cultural tourist movement in Taiwan society today. Being consistent with Agenda 21 (UN), The Cultural Diversity (UNESCO), Charter For Leisure (World Leisure and Recreation Association) and so on, all cultures and societies recognize the right and free choice of leisure life for all people. During the postwar years, the cultural political slogan in Taiwan has changed from ”nationalist cultural renaissance” to ”democratic cultural citizenship”. Or we can say that it has changed from ”state authority” to ”community empowerment”, and has led Taiwanese society to the trends of cultural democratization and cultural tourism. To the people in Taiwan, the practice of revitalizing historic sites is curing or injuring after all? This is the key question for this paper. And we will answer it by exploring the question through four aspects of social semiotic analysis. In the first instance, we have to reflex the Occidentalism in our mind when we contemplate the problem before making a decision of revitalizing historic site. The Occidentalism means the stereotypes of Western world (Western culture and people) in the mind of Eastern people. The Occidental ideas dominate the whole process of designing, producing and marketing in the revitalizing historic sites. These ideas like the ideologies of developmentalism, industrialism and consumerism, restrain the mentality of many Taiwanese cultural workers and innovators including cultural industrial managers, government officers, NPOs, artists, artisans, experts and scholars. As long as they adopt these ”progressive ideologies”, they may always scrape and scrub the old sign of cultural history when they renovate and better the historic site as a new consumptive sign of cultural commodity. Then, a question becomes unavoidable-Does the revitalization bring back to rebirth or ruin the life of historic site? Is it curing or injuring? Secondly, we will discuss how the cultural tourism takes a flexible coping strategy for response to the glocalization. The revitalizing historic sites are cleverly tied to the rise of cultural tourism. In the third aspect, a fierce debate on the new trend of cultural tourism is going on. We explore how Taiwanese cultural policies get into a new stage of the cultural citizenship. Passing through the ”cultural renaissance”, the cultural citizenship will be promoted to a next higher stage. In fact, community empowerment and cultural citizenship match well. In the fourth aspect, the revitalizing historic sites remind us an experience we once had. In a universal market, the use value of consumptive commodity always exceeds the sign value of cultural history. This has brought about many new, vicarious, pseudo, imitate and faked historic sites. In fact, sometimes revitalizing is an act of faking the ”fine” landscape, buildings and furniture of centuries ago. What we consider as the original prototype may actually be a forgery. Only an excellent artisan with ingenuity can succeed while others fail. Furthermore, the more the cultural tourism of historic sites develops, the more their community consciousness declines. It seems to be a contradiction between local cultural history and mass consumptive tourism. So, revitalizing historic sites can be regard as a dialectic relation of cultural history and recreational commodity. According to our discourses above, we draw a proposal of DPM model (Designing, Producing and Marketing process) to examine the reproducing consumptive signs of historic sites. The DPM model can obtain a lot of messages from the process which revitalizing historic sites. It will succeed to get the messages which include curing and injuring, benefits and costs, or strength and weakness. On the other hand, the DPM model will be able to diagnose the problems of sustainable development which takes place in the renovating and reusing of historic sites. In addition, because of the principalagent problems, the historic sites which depute their renovated engineering and reused managing may bring about destructiveness. There is a dilemma, a small regeneration means a small destruction, while a big regeneration means a big destruction. In conclusion, since 1990s government and industries have been turning historic sites into tourist spots and recreational commodities. A full-scale and large number of imitate, faked and similar recreational commodities of historic sites provide to serve the needs of mass consumption. Henceforward, there are widespread tourist commodities of historic sites characterize by Disneyization and McDonaldization. The historic sites have become an alternative concession of recreation. The mainstream of government strategies for revitalizing historic sites are the blueprints of ”sharing for all people” and ”deputing management by private sector”. The public and private sectors wish to promote the performance of space usage and thereby appropriate the uniqueness of historic sites for the brand of marketing and replace the cultural meaning of historic sites to the space usage efficiency. In any case, revitalizing the historic sites may help to cure the new life of cultural heritage, and possibly injure the old life on the other hand. Finally, the question of social aesthetics proves worthwhile to make a continual depth exploration.

In architecture field, paying attention toenvironmental hazards and their destructive affect on health and human life,emphasis on personal health protection and its profound connection toenvironment and human pleasure of life in the buildings which support hissecurity, welfare and health, caused to formation of the sustainablearchitecture. In the stable architecture we can see that the building as a partof the environment and its surrounding nature not only does not waste energy,doesn’t make any environmental pollution and doesn’t have any bad effect onhuman health but also moves toward achieving the goals of sustainabledevelopment by energy saving and efficiency, having materials consistence withthe climate and being in ecology cycle. The object of this study is torecognize the methods to reach sustainable architecture as the principles of climatedesign has been forgotten nowadays and the society has encountered unpleasantdifficulties so our try is to recognize the principles and concepts ofsustainable architecture and using them efficiently to reach a sustainable house.In this study the consistency of the patterns used in the architecture of oldhouses in with the principles of sustainable architecture is verified. Studying methods, library researches such as books papers and websites were used to gainpleasant results .we can conclude that the sustainable buildings please bothphysical and spiritual needs and actually they are systems which indicatesustainable development in the community on the basis of human health,efficiency and welfare.

Turkey, located in an active part of the Alpine-Himalayan belt, is a vulnerable country that faces a major earthquake on an average of every year and a half. In Istanbul, during the last 500 years, several devastating earthquakes had occurred. The earthquakes in August 1509, April 1557, July 1690, May 1766 and July 1894 were recorded with massive social - economic depressions and physical destructions. Besides the significant amount of deaths in each earthquake, monumental buildings and civil architecture listed as country's cultural heritages; the City Walls, the Topkapi Palace, the Aga Sophia, the Fatih Mosque, the Grand Bazaar and thousands of residents and inns, were damaged and needed to be reconstructed. Addition to these major earthquakes, numbers of great fires had impaired the city. In 1729, one great fire had destroyed one – eighth of the Istanbul from the gate of Fener to Ayvansaray. Between 1782 and 1784, serial fires occurred in Istanbul. Beyoglu, Galata and Karakoy districts burnt completely in the Great Beyoglu Fire in 1870. Destructions were triggered new development decisions and preventive implementations. After each disaster, more innovative techniques and durable materials were used in reconstruction processes; also, the urban pattern was confronted with alterations according to the needs of the recovery phase, for instance, evacuation and temporary accommodation for disaster survivors. Cultural and natural heritages are not only under the pressure of rapid urbanisation or prone to deterioration, change and disappearance but also vulnerable to disasters such as ground motion due to earthquakes and fires. Non-negligible efforts have been made to prevent physical damage and minimise the number of possible deaths especially in the urban historic sites in Turkey. Principles, to redefine goals, strategies and implementation for risk mitigation, have been developed . This paper focuses on great disasters that threatened the urban fabric in the history of Istanbul and still threatens the urban conservation sites. It aims to lead a discussion on how to continue conservation studies to risk preparedness and preventive care for Turkey’s cultural heritage. In this study initially, post – disaster assessment literature in urban conservation sites are investigated to comprehend recovery phases of the last 500 years’ major disasters and highlight the vulnerability of urban conditions. Risk prevention and mitigation principles consisting structural peculiarities, physical density, open space network and routes for evacuations will be discussed based on the old site plans of Istanbul the years between 1500’s and 1900’s. Lastly, alternative interventions for historic urban sites conservation under the disaster risk will be discussed with case studies in urban planning, urban conservation and architectural design tools.

During my early introduction to architecture I found that I was motivated not only by matters pertaining to what architecture is, but also, to what it can do. Thus, the questions motivating this work derive from my education in architecture which, at their most rudimentary level, entail a deep fascination with the nature of space, and thus the problem of time. And, subsequently, a practical desire to understand the conditions that constituted experience, and thus perception, sensation and mind. My interest also developed from a general disposition towards others and world founded in principles of human equality and rights with respect to both freedom and responsibility. During my years practicing architecture, these questions as they were brought through the perspective of design continued to inspire me. At the same time, my interest in investigating these questions through theoretical and philosophical research persisted until my aspiration to engage in critical thought outpaced my desire to practice. Hence, a turn in career to work as an academic in the discipline of architecture and the area of architecture theory. This research may be perceived by some as situated outside the realm of architecture. However, this is not the case. My approach to architecture theory is not one that begins with a study of the object, or, for some, one might say the subject of architecture. That is, if the object is understood as the manifestation in thought, process or form of the building or built environment (real or conceived) itself; and if the subject is understood as the thought or idea emanating from the mind of the architect (as author). While there is much architecture theory advanced from this perspective lining my own bookshelves and utilized in my work as an educator. The concerns that have always called me towards thinking about architecture as the imagined and constructed world in which we live are those that query the very nature of concepts, notions, ideologies and intellectual constructions and beliefs upon which culture and society – architecture as both a cultural product and a social actor – are formed. This goes, as well, to the considerations that motivate my concern for people, not users or inhabitants as such, but as ontologically situated beings in the world. Accordingly, my work primarily deals with the content, history and effects of architecture as it relates to theories of space, time, the body, and cognition. Employing and developing theories and methods from disciplines including philosophy, cultural studies, literary theory, political, social and economic theory, cognitive psychology, and the neurosciences in the broadest sense. Admittedly, the nature of theoretical discourse has shown itself to be problematic over the past fifty-plus years; it has also proven to be transformative. Critical thinkers in the late 1960s developed a sustained critique of their philosophical predecessors – primarily in regard to Marx on one hand and Heidegger on the other – with a critique of social history and a displacement of metaphysics resulting in a repositioning of social and cultural discourse. Of course, the debate unfolded against the philosophical and aesthetic background of not only Marx and Heidegger, but also Nietzsche, Hegel and Freud on one hand, and Manet, Cézanne, Baudelaire and Mallarmé, Wagner and Debussy on the other. In architecture, the debate extended to Ruskin and Wölfflin, and to Wright and Corbusier, amongst others. This period, in itself, refers to an unprecedented artistic, scientific, economic, and technological mutation. Prevalent underpinnings remain identifiable, for instance an attack on the absolute nature of knowledge, which has brought about a fundamental rethinking of both the nature of consciousness, as well as a critique of science. As Foucault suggested, one of the great problems that arose in the 1950s was that of the political status of science and the ideological functions that it could serve. Another rebuke can be seen as the challenge to the primacy of truth as an adequation of subject to thing. This culminated in a radical critique of subjectivity resulting, some years later, in the so-called post-humanist-subject. In order to be rid of the subject itself, Foucault, in ‘Truth and Power’ (1977) argued that it was necessary to dispense with the essentialist subject both at the extremes and in-between the enlightenment’s humanist subject and its ideals of knowledge as self-constituting; as well as phenomenology’s fabrication of the subject as evolving through and embodying the course of history. Reflecting on this history, that post-war moment of theory, one cannot help but be struck by the complexity and the ambiguity of the adventure; qualities most evident in the fact that new spaces and new means of writing and drawing, of thinking and making emerged. Ideas that modified our understanding of both communication and the image, of both space and time. Discourses, when combined with a reflexivity within certain architectures and certain texts, rendered them somehow indefinitely open. In the 1960s, literary theory transformed thought on both sides of the Atlantic. For instance, Roland Barthes’s de-sanctioning of the biography-centric author, or the removal of authority from the author turned scriptor in ‘The Death of the Author’ (1967), or Julia Kristeva’s concept of intertextuality with ‘Word, Dialogue and Novel’ (1969). These works impacted our thinking on linguistic phenomena and the origin (or non-originality) of textual content and further, on the invention of new forms of writing and affective relations. Such theories informed and redirected thinking in architecture, for instance, Diana Agrest and Mario Gandelsonas’s work ‘Semiotics and Architecture: Ideological Consumption or Theoretical Work’ was published in the first issue of Oppositions, an architectural journal produced between 1973 and 1984 by the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York. With this, the influence of the French intellectual climate as well as the Italian discourse on semiotics was brought to the centre of Anglo-American discourse in architecture theory. The intellectual trajectory along which this history is traced and the terrain on which it now takes place will be recognisable to anyone familiar with the work of such thinkers as Henri Bergson, Louis Althusser, Gabriel Tarde, Walter Benjamin, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Jacques Lacan, Jean-Francois Lyotard, and, of course, Félix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze, and Maurizio Lazzarato. The importance of the radically original works that emerged in the seventies and eighties cannot be overestimated, for instance: Foucault’s Discipline and Punish and his lectures at the Collège de France, The Birth of Biopolitics, and Deleuze and Guattari’s Capitalism and Schizophrenia volumes Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. These works, translated into English shortly after their original publication, were being read throughout many disciplines outside of philosophy including schools of architecture, and their influence can only be said to have increased. I share the above brief history so as to situate my work for those less familiar with the work of theory – whether architecture or otherwise – as this, too, is the intellectual trajectory and exploration along which my own work, as well as many of my contemporaries, travels. In my own work, the influence of the nineteenth/ twentieth-century French vitalist philosopher Henri Bergson – the great thinker of time and, as Walter Benjamin suggested, a seminal source to consult in considering the problem of experience – has quite profoundly informed my thinking and shaped its outcomes. Both with respect to time and space as well as body and brain, his influence is reflected in the title of this volume. That said, this is not a collection of chapters on Bergson’s philosophy. It is a collection on critical concepts I believe to be of importance for contemporary critique, delivered through topics that are relevant – at times directly and at others indirectly – to our current moment. This is a work of great commitment and it has sustained itself over time. It is my hope the reader finds some value in this as well.

Planters, Mariners, Nabobs, and Squires: Masculine Types and Imperial Ideology, 1719-1817

Tartu Ülikooli kunstiajalooõpetuse moderniseerimisest ja kollektsioonide rollist kunstiajaloo professori valimistel aastatel 1919–1921

At the centre of the research is the preservation of the countryside which is highlighted and studied through an architectural approach which focuses on cabins in the high mountains. The projects must reflect upon territorial, global and sustainable aspects in order to counteract anthropic pressure occurring in the Alps due to the ‘democratisation’ of alpinism and touristic exploitation, which give rise to inadequate human behaviour in their surroundings. Restoring part of the alpine heritage is underway. It requires complex reflection on the development of building in high mountain areas (size, shape, level of comfortâ€S) and, more generally, on the relationship between mountaineers and the mountains. This investigation, concentrating on cabins in high mountain areas in Switzerland, has as its objective to demonstrate the potential of architecture to provide answers to the paradoxical search for balance between development and the protection of the mountain territory. Three hypotheses of research are put forward. The first is that the ubiquitous landscape must play a constitutive role in the mountain refuge project. The second is that a territorial reflection on the area must restore the feeling of ascent in the design of the cabins, especially through risk assessment. Finally, the contextualising of the constructions must go back to the basic use of a cabin (shelter, rest and protection) while favouring a level of comfort that is adapted to the surroundings, which is currently a sign of displaced city life. This study is focused on two scales of analysis, which represent the structure of this work: landscape and construction. They provide the opportunity to develop graphic representations, which are specific to the architect, that are adapted to the defined needs of this research. The graphic production of the territorial study provides the opportunity to abstract the altimetry of the Swiss territory and to give a differentiated reading of alpine geography and the impact of construction on the mountain tops. It is also a means by which to demonstrate that walking is a tool for understanding the surroundings and these findings must be included in architectural projects so that they fit in with the landscape. Contextualisation is compounded by the introduction of architectural choices in the intrinsic character of ‘high risk environments’ in the mountains. The constraint of risks becomes a design tool for a better assessment of the area by avoiding any strengthening of the idea of human supremacy in alpinists. Architectural study, historic and morphological evolution, shows the existence of a certain type whose marginalisation cannot negate its constructive interest, theoretical and analytically generalisable to the architecture of plains. The simplicity of the solutions hides a spatial and structural experimental rationalisation, which responds to the constraints of the area. The tendency towards uniformity in indoor spaces is questioned so as to find a phenomenological design that offers comfort that is adapted to the place, with the aim of making its users conscious of their surroundings. This contextualisation, which is territorial, architectural and spatial, helps in defining the type of cabin for the high mountains and gives rise to a study of a particular territory in order to influence human behaviour. This research asserts that architecture contributes to the development and protection of the high mountains in a way that is both global and reasonable.

The challenges to which contemporary building design needs to respond grow steadily. They originate from the influence of changing environmental conditions on buildings, as well as from the need to reduce the impact of buildings on the environment. The increasing complexity requires the continual revision of design principles and their harmonisation with current scientific findings, technological development, and environmental, social, and economic factors. It is precisely these issues that form the backbone of the thematic book, Sustainable and Resilient Building Design: Approaches, Methods, and Tools. The purpose of this book is to present ongoing research from the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). The book starts with the exploration of the origin, development, and the state-of-the-art notions of environmental design and resource efficiency. Subsequently, climate change complexity and dynamics are studied, and the design strategy for climate-proof buildings is articulated. The investigation into the resilience of buildings is further deepened by examining a case study of fire protection. The book then investigates interrelations between sustainable and resilient building design, compares their key postulates and objectives, and searches for the possibilities of their integration into an outreaching approach. The fifth article in the book deals with potentials and constraints in relation to the assessment of the sustainability (and resilience) of buildings. It critically analyses different existing building certification models, their development paths, systems, and processes, and compares them with the general objectives of building ratings. The subsequent paper outlines the basis and the meaning of the risk and its management system, and provides an overview of different visual, auxiliary, and statistical risk assessment methods and tools. Following the studies of the meanings of sustainable and resilient buildings, the book focuses on the aspects of building components and materials. Here, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method for quantifying the environmental impact of building products is introduced and analysed in detail, followed by a comprehensive comparative overview of the LCA-based software and databases that enable both individual assessment and the comparison of different design alternatives. The impact of climate and pollution on the resilience of building materials is analysed using the examples of stone, wood, concrete, and ceramic materials. Accordingly, the contribution of traditional and alternative building materials to the reduction of negative environmental impact is discussed and depicted through different examples. The book subsequently addresses existing building stock, in which environmental, social, and economic benefits of building refurbishment are outlined by different case studies. Further on, a method for the upgrade of existing buildings, described as ‘integrated rehabilitation’, is deliberated and supported by best practice examples of exoskeleton architectural prosthesis. The final paper reflects on the principles of regenerative design, reveals the significance of biological entities, and recognises the need to assign to buildings and their elements a more advanced role towards natural systems in human environments.

This paper aims to define Nativism and Nativist Architecture. This paper is conducted through data analysis, interviews, and site visits so as to understand the development of Taiwan Nativist Architecture. This paper found that both Architecture development and Native Literature Debate in Taiwan before 1970’s have great influence upon the Nativist Architecture in Taiwan. According to how architects think of their work and close-up investigation, the Nativist Architecture in Taiwan can be divided into four schools: 1. Taiwan’s Nativist Architecture under the ideology of China: This school is mainly led by Lin Heng-Dao, Wang Jhen-Hua and Li Zu-Yuan and adheres to the nationalism of the Republic of China. Its works includes Da-An Public Housing, Dong-Wang Chinese Palace, the MRT station of Tamsui Line and so forth. 2. Taiwan’s Nativist Architecture under Taiwan tradition: This school is mainly led by Li Chian-Lang, Lin Huei-Cheng, Han Bao-De(early days) and insists on the significance of Taiwan Architecture. Its works includes Changhua County Culture Center, PenghuYouth Activity Center, Academia Sinica Institute of Ethnology and so on. 3. Taiwan’s Nativist Architecture that returns to the modern society: This school is mainly led by Hsia Jhu-Jiou, Guo Jhao-Li, Sun Chuan-Wen and Wu Zen-Jong; its main spirit is to reflect the demand of real life on the basis of modernism. The works of this school includes Yangmei Chiang House, Toufen Municipal Library, etc 4. Mahayana Nativist Architecture: This school is mainly led by Han Bao-De, They insist on the concerns for daily life and emotion and aims to build popular native architecture. Its works includes Kengting Youth Activity Center and Tungshih Township Complex Building. When we learn how Taiwan Architecture develops and struggles to become what it is, it can help us better understand architecture concepts and establish our own viewpoints about Nativist Architecture. Via a minor portion of information about the history of Taiwan’s Architecture, this paper aims to provide better reference to its future development.

As we grow older, approaching the age to understand Destiny, we see many things turning from prosperity to poverty, feeling sentimental; after serious consideration, we think the phenomenon is related to the ”cycling” and ”balance” as advanced in Book of Changes. We wish to further explore whether there is a rule governing all the ups and downs. Mencius advocated that a successful king rises every five hundred years. As Chinese history shows, orderliness and disorderliness come alternatively. Then, why is the world in disorder? It must concern our survival. Thomas Robert Malthus in his work ”An essay on the principle of population” noted that population increases geometrically. The earth and the countries we dwell in are limited space and we human beings are the one that really kills the environment. Hence, in the ancient times, one key to overcoming the population problems is natural disasters or man-made errors. But still now, we take the best way to conquer such a problem is again natural disasters or man-made errors. Nevertheless, nuclear weapons are so destructive that nobody dares to resort to it. That is also why there were only minor battles after the World War II. Then, what about natural disasters? We have been facing more and more disasters and, hopefully, the story of the movie ”Day after tomorrow” will not happen to us! Book of Changes is a book that analyzes the true meaning of change, where some things change and some things do not change. The so-called ”mean” as pursued by the Confucian school simply refers to ”balance”. To sum up, either science or human art proposes to strike a balance. For instance, in accounting, borrowing and lending must be balanced out. Another example is that we have to redress a balance among the four wheels of cars. At present, entities as big as the earth and as small as the surroundings around us all hang in balance. Nevertheless, a power in the universe will come to maintain a balance in everything, which is the wisdom of Chinese culture, that is, things are restored and renovated like a circle. In the process of development, technology has solved some problems while at the same time it has created some other crises. This is exactly what we have read in the western fable: people pushed the stone up and down the hill; they were doing the stupid thing over and over again. A piece of news from BCC reported that the images captured by the satellite might disclose a mystery regarding the disappearance of the Mayan civilization. These scientists used a satellite image and spotted five newly discovered Maya ruins, including hundreds of architectural monuments like temples in the Guatemala jungle. The satellite image and distance detection can break through the clouds and blocking fog, looking into the surface. Scientists think that satellite images may be able to provide answers to the mysterious disappearance of the Mayan civilization. Scientists judged that the Mayan civilization highly flourished leading to the explosion of population, which prompted the Maya to continue to exploit the forest land and cultivate agricultural development. However, the results of the unremitting forest destruction caused regional warming, decline in rainfall, and, ultimately, water depletion. Therefore, Mayas scattered into four winds, hence the collapse of the civilization. As there are so many problems the whole world faces now and they are all related to human beings, our traditional ideas such as frugality and desire suppression actually provide new food for thought. On the contrary, it is not the outward expansion of western countries to grab resources and colonies or the superstition as to the omnipotence of technology that counts. So, when all the rising countries in the globe are pursuing economic progress and growth, should we not seek to reach a balance in the cycling world?

Frans Nicolaas Marius Eyck van Zuylichem (1806-1876) was one of the first people to describe the medieval churches of the Netherlands. In his day, that was no easy task, in the absence of an appropriate architectural vocabulary. Besides, dating these buildings was a hazardous undertaking at best. Still, Eyck realised the importance of properly documenting the church buildings of the Netherlands, as he was convinced that they represented a unique cultural heritage. Neither the government nor Eyck’s contemporaries showed much interest and as a result these buildings systematically vanished, either by demolition or because of improper maintenance. Eyck van Zuylichem came from a respectable protestant line. Although he would have preferred to be an architect, he followed in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, who had both been mayors. Although he was a self-educated man, Eyck applied himself to the study of the old medieval architecture of the then still young Kingdom of the Netherlands, a study that would occupy him for the rest of his life. From 1839 onward he began to seriously study churches and castles with the idea of writing about them. Since 1843 he started publishing extensive articles on the architecture of churches in various magazines. His descriptions were inspired by the studies of medieval churches in Belgium, France and Germany and he consulted authors such as A.G.B. Schayes, A. de Caumont and F. Kugler, whose works had been published only recently. Around 1850, on the initiative of the Maatschappij ter bevordering van de Bouwkunst (‘Society for the Promotion of Architecture’), a small booklet was published entitled Proeve eener Bouwkundige Terminologie (‘Tentative Compendium for a Terminology of Architecture’). It was an attempt to draw up a list of apt architectural terms. As far as we know, Eyck van Zuylichem was the only person to comment on the publication, making concrete suggestions to change or improve certain terms. In 1858, he published his book Les eglises romanes du Royaume des Pays-Bas (‘The Romanesque Churches of the Netherlands’) and it is this book that gained him a reputation, as it was reviewed in several magazines. Especially the review by J.A. Alberdingk Thijm in De Gids (‘The Guide’, a literary/cultural magazine that still exists today) made Eyck’s work as a pioneer architectural historian known to a wider audience, even though Thijm was quite critical of Eyck’s methods. In Thijm’s view Eyck worked too swiftly and superficially and he also questioned Eyck’s chronology. What most annoyed Thijm, however, was the fact that Eyck had completely ignored the churches of the provinces of Limburg and Noord-Brabant in his 1858 edition, whereas its title suggested otherwise. In spite of this, Thijm did recognise – as did many of his contemporaries – the value of Eyck’s efforts. This article focuses on Eyck van Zuylichem’s special place in the study of Dutch architectural history and on his attempts to date and describe Dutch churches. It also looks at his architectural terminology and at his most important motivation for writing: he wanted to convince his fellow Dutchmen to handle these buildings with more care, as they were the rare and silent witnesses of a precious past.

Retention and continuous formation of humanistic and life-affiming senses demands from the scientifi community not only showing interest to, but also permanent studying the moral consciousness aspect of the personality. In the 1990s almost no attention was paid to the research. Most studies published in this area relate to the 1960s - 1980s. The interest to the subject in the cultural and historical space initially for the Russian science can be traced in two levels - ideological and pragmatic. In the fist case, historically formed principles of the Soviet ideology, documenting the phrases “moral character of a Soviet man” or “communism builder” turned them into voluntary and compulsory model of building horizons of the individual’s expectations. On the one hand, requirements reflcted the signs of the Soviet period totalitarianism, on the other hand, they demonstrated the historical background for emergence of the dissident movement in Russia. Its ideological attenuation was associated with the loss of national values, their criticism being the reason of its origin. The loss of the values in the former Soviet Union was justifid by purely pragmatic purposes, excessively activating hedonistic interests. In this context, subsequent simplifiation of communication with a mass audience negates the moral communication in itself. The ideological role of moral knowledge in the national idea development changed as well. Priorities were predominantly set in a descending order, from economically adjusted interests to rather unpopular moral connotations. The opportunity to create a fully justifid, adequate picture of a social life, to evaluate events and phenomena, to develop a personal position and behavior model through the mass media is lost. The natural human desire to live in accordance with metaneeds was suppressed or frustrated, it faced criminalization of the mass media information flw. Self-actualization impossible for a personality exacerbated its metapathology. Plunging in the humanities, in the moral consciousness studies, the elemental approach, according to which comprehension of the whole is performed by the study of its components, dominates. Instantiation of wordings in the system of moral knowledge (ideas, concepts) in combination with value judgments, allow to consider the mass media impact on the mass consciousness in terms of the “moral - immoral”, “spiritual – spiritless” ratios. Thus, we inevitably come into contact with the sphere of not only psychoanalysis, but philosophy, religious ethics. It is in tune with the thesis stating that the heritable nature of a man has something that always draws him/her to justice, deeds, self-assertion, allowing manifestation of his/her aggression in imposing his/her will.

Mexico undergoes an enormous natural and social devastation. The situation has become almost unbearable in the last 35 years. As a modest contribution to confront such devastation I propose three general community categories to analyze and organize the struggles towards the building of a new social tissue. The proposal comes from my 40 years community life and work in the middle of a poor, despised and native people. Together with my wife we have condensed that experience in our 2014 book “Community: Interaction, Conflict and Utopia”. To carry out social transformations we have noticed that community integration and democratic commitment require the implementation of three elements: the creation of a structural basis, rather territorial, and a social cohesion resulting from a strong subjective conscience of dignity, at the personal and collective levels. These are characteristics that are visible in the life of an experience if one is able to perceive openness in the interactions, humility in confronting conflicts and trust in journeying towards the utopian horizons of a dignified life. In the XIX Century slavery, racism, and colonizing processes increased in Africa, Asia and Latin America. In the XX Century the ambition and arrogance of the rich countries became patent through two World Wars and the Cold War. The last two decades have witnessed the development of human degradation and planetary devastation as new malignant fruits of nature´s abuse, human work´s devaluation, money´s idolatry, and overvaluation of knowledge by itself. The possibilities for a dignified life have now to be looked for at the levels, styles and quality of life that have survived in the life of solidarity, resilience and audacity of the poor, the despised and the native peoples of the world.

President Chen and all Distinguished Guests: Academia Sinica was founded at Nanjing in 1928. At that time the society was not quite stable because of world war II. After overcoming many difficulties, it moved to Taiwan only with Institute of History and Philology and Institute of Mathematics. President Chu Chia-Hua exerted his maximal effort in the management of Academia Sinica at that period of time and Academia Sinica finally settled down at Nankang Campus in 1954. This year (2004) is just on its 50(superscript th) aniversary. During this 50 years, it has grown up both in solid construction and academic achievement. I am really appreciative of the support of the Government, Society and all members working at this campus. Academia Sinica has great improvement in recent two year-research arena, budget, working member, administrative system and establishment of new units. Especially, Genome Research Center was established and new buildings were also constructed. Now we have 25 Institutes and 5 Research Centers, the budget is also increasing as follows: USD 180,000,000 (2001), USD 230,000,000 (2002), USD 290,000,000 (2004). There are four thousand and four hundreds working members. Academia Sinica also cooperate with Universities in our country. Now academic and administrative systems are nearly fixed, except for reorganization of life science research units. Then the most important goal is to level up the research and many administrative systems. In 1947, Dr Fu Shih, President of Peking University, announced “Ten Year Plan to Acquire Independence and Freedom of Academy” and “Concentrate the National Power to Cultivate Five to Ten Universities to be the First Class Academic Centers”. In 1958, he came to Taiwan and served as the President of Academia Sinica and his aims were completed with the cooperation of Dr Wu TY. In 1994 Dr Yuan T. Lee was appointed as the President and in this year (2004), ten years have elapsed and Academia Sinica has also developed dramatically. Academia Sinica may become the first class academic institution in the world and create academic atmosphare to elevate teaching and research level in our universities.. By two-former Presidents “Academic development plan” and “Specialist cultivation plan”, 50 years’ endeavor at Nankang Campas, Academia Sinica has already acquired remarkable achievement in natural science and other fields and built a prestigious position in the world. Reference storage in our libraly and equipments are also very considerable, Through. “International cooperative plans” and “International symposia” our academic position is now well recognized worldwide. In the long history of human being, space of the globe is regarded as limitless, At the time when Columbus discovered the New Continent, it was impossible to imagine going around the globe. But in 20th Century, everything is changing rapidly. Human population is increasing from 1,500,000,000 to 6,000,000,000. Telecommunication technique and airplane are also developing very quickly and the world becomes smaller and smaller. Now we can go around the world only within one day and a half. The globe is really a limited space, but human are not aware of this change. People living in 21(superscript st) Century should recognize how to realize “Living in the Limited Globe and Pursue Limitless Dream”. Facing this challenge, Academia Sinica not only developes academic carrier, but also uses these maneuvers to contribute to the extended survival and welfare of mankind!

Максималист Бух – так называли его некоторые друзья.Потом пришло понимание, что более точное определение – перфекционист.Перфект – совершенство. Во всем, что он делал, он стремился к совершенству. Будь это градостроительное проектирование, служба городу, работа в общественной организации – Союзе архитекторов – или создание журнала.Верхний бьеф (Солнечный) – был и остается лучшим жилым районом, созданным в новейшей истории Иркутска.Такого умного и честного главного архитектора города, как Бух, Иркутск больше не имел. Он сделал невероятно много для развития Иркутска в правильном, прогрессивном направлении для продвижения качественной, первоклассной архитектуры. Как оценку деятельности Владимира Федоровича привожу цитату из статьи Андрея Бокова: «Все, что сегодня вызывает законную, естественную зависть и тоску, что являет собой лучшее из принадлежащего второй героической эпохе российскосоветской архитектуры, – все это было и есть в иркутской архитектуре 70-х: обращенность в будущее (а не в прошлое), значительность размеров и замыслов, сдержанность, строгость, честность, смелость, упрямство и сила.Опыт Иркутска <…> был поставлен молодыми людьми – энергичными, амбициозными, везучими, обаятельными, талантливыми и очень профессиональными»Не один десяток лет Бух был членом правления Иркутской организации Союза архитекторов СССР, затем СА России. Работать на совесть – это выражение в полной мере, во всех интерпретациях относится к Буху. Делать дело так, как надо. Делать дело так, как требует совесть. Когда он вышел из состава правления, а случилось это после сноса Дома на ногах, почувствовалось сразу, что он незаменим.Он принимал близко к сердцу все градостроительные ошибки 90-х и нулевых. Шрамы на сердце остались от ухода из жизни Павлова, от сноса Дома на ногах, от судебных разбирательств, от смерти Нины.Дочь Леся, внуки Никита и Настя, правнук Матвей – его продолжение на земле.Нам же, коллегам и друзьям, остается пытаться соответствовать его представлению о том, как надо, его представлению о том, что такое хорошо и что такое плохо. И беречь память о необыкновенном человеке.Не знаю, сколько просуществует ПБ (Бух – один из основателей, первый и лучший главный редактор журнала), но все наши дальнейшие выпуски будут посвящением ему.Все наши победы и успехи, если они будут, будут посвящением ему.И поражения тоже, он ведь и сам не боялся браться за дела, заведомо обреченные на поражение в этой системе, при этом Ходе Вещей в градостроительной политике.В книге ПАВЛОВ (мы успели с Бухом собрать ее прошлым летом, и в конце сентября она вышла в свет в Екатеринбурге в издательстве ТАТЛИН) есть отсылка к Стругацким, которую можно распространить и на Буха: «Он, как Саул, стрелял в Ход Вещей, зная, что это бесполезно».