Level of biogenic and organic substances in a water of the Dniprovs’ke reservoir and Samara River in fall-winter period

Purpose: to determine the hydroecological condition of the different areas of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir and its tributaries (Samara River, Konoplyanka River), which are under technogenic pressure. Methodology: classical methods of determining hydrochemical indicators (pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, permanganate oxidizability, anions and cations of organic and inorganic compounds) and microbiological parameters (total count of microorganisms and count of saprophytes) were used during the study. The content of heavy metals was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Findings: The study of the current hydroecological state of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir in the summer period showed that, according to most parameters, the water quality did not exceed the MAC (maximum allowable concentration) for fish farming. The exception was the reduced oxygen dissolved concentration (by 10-25%) in almost all areas of the reservoir, and the high mineralization of water in the Samara Bay (2 MAC), due to the discharge of highly mineralized waters of the Samara River. In the long-term aspect, there is an increase in the total mineralization of the Samara River (4 MAC, which is under the influence of the discharge mine waters of the coal mining industry of Western Donbas. The analysis of the content of heavy metals in the reservoir indicated an increase in the concentration of copper - from 13 MAC in the Samara Bay to 21 MAC in the lower part of the reservoir. The Samara River was characterized by a high content of cadmium (1.5 MAC), copper (13 MAC), and nickel (2.3 MAC). Indicators of the ecological state of the Konoplyanka River had significant differences in its different areas: in the upper reaches of the river, where the economic and domestic effluents of the city of Kamianske and the tailings storage facilities for radioactive waste are located, water did not meet the MAC for oxygen content, carbon dioxide, nitrites, nitrates, mineral ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl’, SO4-2), general mineralization and the count of saprophytic microorganisms; at the mouth of the river, exceeding the MAC for nitrate content and saprophytic microflora was recorded. Originality: data on the hydroecological state of the Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir and its tributaries in the conditions of the war have been obtained. Practical value: the results of the conducted study can be used to develop a strategic program for the restoration of the ecosystem of the Dnipro reservoirs in the post-war period. Key words: Zaporizhzhia (Dnipro) reservoir, tributaries, hydrochemical parameters, count of microorganisms, heavy metals.

This paper discusses the peculiarities of changing the content of total nitrogen, proteins and organic substances in the assimilation organs of three species of hydrophytes (Elodea canadensis Michx., Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., Potamogeton perfoliatus L.) growing at different levels of pollution of the urbanized reservoir. The work presents the results of comparison of the river pollution within the city of Yoshkar-Ola. Local areas of pollution of the urban water body with nitrogenous compounds, suspended solids and iron have been identified (a comparison with the maximum permissible concentration, a calculation of the water pollution index, an analysis of variance). The main sources of pollution of the river were sewage and storm water. The studies have shown that the leaves of submerged rooting hydrophytes have more nitrogen and proteins than the free-floating hydrophyte. In the leaves of H. morsus-ranae, the concentration of organic substances is higher than in E. canadensis and P. perfoliatus, which is a feature of the structure and functioning of plants. With an increase in the anthropogenic load on the urban reservoir, the ratio of biogenic and organic substances in the leaves of hydrophytes changes: the concentration of total nitrogen increases and the content of total protein and organic substances decreases, which, apparently, indicates a change in the direction of transport of organic substances and inhibition of synthesis processes under conditions of pollution of the reservoir. The obtained materials can be used to organize biomonitoring of the state of surface sources subjected to man-made pollution by the effluents of urbanized territories.

Volatility and Chemical Aging of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol

It was determined that the water quality in Dnipro River in the water of 12 sampling locations, which were located from the upper part to the lower part of the Dnipro River, during 2015-2017 had elevated levels of organic and bioorganic substances, what coincides with the data of 1990s. The average content of COD remained virtually unchanged (27,66 ± 0,203) and exceeded the hygienic standard for the sources of potable water (15,0 мг/л) by almost two times. To simplify the assessment of the quality of river water for the content of organic substances in different sampling points, an integral indicator was used. This method is becoming popular despite its shortcomings, due to the availability, unity of the calculation procedure, the development of a mathematical apparatus and the ability to quickly solve problems, primarily, with a view to comparative assessment of changes in the characteristics of various objects or objects in time. Integral assessment of ecological state of river water allowed identifying of the areas with the similar quality of ecological state of the river regarding the content of organic substances and conducting of the quantitative assessment. It was found that the most problematic quality was in the water from the sampling location of the 6 th Kamianets Reservoir (near Goryshni Plavni). According to the calculated integral index value sampling locations can be divided and can be put in the following row: 6 > 5 > 1 – 4 > 7 – 11 > 12. The significant increase of index was determined in location 5 (1,5 times) and 6 (1,2 times more), its decrease – in location 12 (nearly 1,8 times). Indicators of water quality in river water (dissolved oxygen, color, ammonium, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate ion, iron, and manganese) were grouped based on the method of cluster analysis according to the similar characteristics. It was determined that the nearest location in multidimensional space have iron, manganese, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and then they are adjoined by oxygen; mentioned indicators create the first cluster, COD and color belong to second cluster. Two main clusters were also delineated from the sampling locations: 1 – 6 (near Kyiv – near Goryshni Plavni) and 7 – 12 (Kamianske – Kherson). Two clusters contain four clusters with minimum distances, according to these distances they can be put in the following row: 7 – 8 < 9 – 10 < 11 – 12 (first cluster) < 2 – 4 (second cluster). Quality in the river water in two sampling locations has similar characteristics. It is confirmed that in order to effectively carry out the state monitoring of the quality of natural waters in accordance with the requirements of European legislation, including sources of drinking water supply, it is expedient to use methods of cluster analysis and integral assessment. Of particular relevance are the methods of mathematical processing of data in the case of processing a large database in order to identify the dynamics of changes in the quality of natural waters in the spatial-temporal aspect. Key words: surface water, organic substances, integral assessment, cluster analysis

Monitoring internal exposure to metals and organic substances in workers at a hazardous waste incinerator after 3 years of operation

Purpose. To analyze the effect of the main hydrochemical parameters in the nursery ponds of the Kherson production and experimental hatchery for the cultivation of common freshwater fish on the quality of fish seeds. Methodology. Studies of hydrochemical parameters of the first-order nursery ponds (No. 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16) were carried out at the Kherson production and experimental hatchery for the cultivation of common freshwater fish. Collection of hydrochemical water samples was carried out during the growing season of 2021 from spring to autumn. During the study, a total of 81 samples were processed in 9 ponds (an integrated sample from three sites of the pond) according to 14 physicochemical parameters, which included the gas regime, physical properties, mineral and ionic composition of water, the content of biogenic, organic and specific pollutants. Chemical analysis of water samples was performed in the field with a Palintest 7100 multiparametric photometer and the laboratory of the Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University, Department of Water Bioresources and Aquaculture. Concentrations of oxygen, free hydrogen ions and water temperature were determined with a portable multimeter AZ86031. The fish seeds were studied to determine the average weight, linear growth, gut fullness index, and Fulton’s condition factor. The material was processed in a quantitative-weight way by individual review of digestive tracts. At the same time, fat content, color of food, degree of gut fullness was determined. Findings. The article examines the effect of the hydrochemical regime of the ponds of the Kherson production and experimental hatchery for the cultivation of common freshwater fish on the quality of fish seeds. The main hydrochemical parameters of nursery ponds, growth, length and weight parameters, gut fullness index, Fulton’s condition factor during the cultivation of fish seeds were analyzed, and an assessment of these parameters was carried out. It was established that the water in the ponds throughout the year was significantly saturated with organic and biogenic substances. In a number of ponds, an excess of bichromate oxidation, biological oxygen consumption, and periodically - permanganate oxidation was constantly recorded. The peak of organic water pollution falls on the summer-autumn period. At this time, the content of nitrogen-containing compounds, phosphates, and total iron increased, water bloom was observed, and cases of dissolved oxygen deficiency were recorded, which negatively affected the quality of fish seeds – silver and bighead carps. The main cause of oxygen deficiency is its active consumption by hydrobionts and costs for the oxidation of organic substances in water. The dynamics of the increase in the total mineralization of water in the ponds from spring to autumn were monitored. The natural genesis of this process has been established and the possible risks that may arise during the cultivation of fish seeds in connection with the specified dynamics of mineralization throughout the year have been assessed. As a result of the cultivation of fish seeds according to length and weight parameters, the index of gut fullness and fatness, a decrease in the intensity of growth and weight gain of silver and bighead carps was established, their values at the end of October were within the normative limits - 20 g (l = 11.56 cm, Q = 20.18 g), while the increase in almost three months (August - October) amounted to only 5 g. The reason for this is a decrease in the general index of gut fullness from June to September, respectively, these values in July averaged 129.250/000, in August there was a decrease to 91.90/000, in September the lowest va.ue was 500/000 The condition factor reflected a similar situation, a decrease from mid-summer to late September ranging from 1.64 to 1.30. This phenomenon indicates low feeding activity in this period, which we associate with the deterioration of the hydrochemical state of the water in the nursery ponds. Originality. Modern data on the main parameters of the hydrochemical regime of nursery ponds are presented. The relationship between organic pollution in the summer-autumn period, an increase in the content of nitrogen-containing compounds, phosphates, total iron, a deficiency of dissolved oxygen and the quality of fish seeds was established. The obtained results demonstrate the actual values ​​of the hydrochemical state of the studied objects, in particular, the oxygen regime of the ponds has dynamics opposite to the dynamics of the content of organic substances. Practical Value. The analysis of the dynamics of the most significant elements of the hydrochemical regime of nursery ponds and the establishment of a close relationship between it and the phases of the technological processes of growing fish seeds leads to the shortening of the cycle of cultivation. Considering the tendency a decrease in the condition factor and gut fullness index from mid-summer of all cultivated fish species, there is a proposal to reduce the technological cycle of growing fish seeds until the end of August, when common and grass have values within the standard at the level of 22.68 g for grass carp, 35.18 g for common carp, while silver and bighead carps below normative values at the level of 15.0 g. Such a reorientation will allow reducing the costs of growing fish seeds by almost three months and to carry out the introduction in the period when it has the best adaptation and compensatory indicators. Keywords: pond stock, hydrochemical regime, organic substances, nursery ponds, fish seeds.

To determine blood and urine concentrations of a number of metals and organic substances in workers at a hazardous-waste incinerator (HWI) 1 year after regular operations in the facility, and to compare these concentrations with the baseline levels. The employees were divided into three groups according to their workplaces. Plasma analyses of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) and polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and urinary analyses of 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) were carried out. The blood concentrations of beryllium, manganese, mercury and lead, and the urine levels of cadmium, chromium, nickel and vanadium were also determined. The current plasma HCB, PCB and PCDD/F levels, and the urine levels of chlorophenols (CLPs) and 1-HP did not show significant differences between workplace groups or the baseline concentrations. Moreover, no significant differences between metal levels could be observed. The lack of differences between the current levels of metals and organic substances and the respective baseline concentrations, together with the absence of differences depending on the workplace indicate that the potential exposure of HWI workers to the analyzed compounds was insignificant. According to these results, 1 year of potential exposure to the above metals and organic substances would not mean any specific health problem for the workers at the HWI.

Organic compounds contribute a significant mass fraction of ambient aerosol and play a role in determining the physiochemical properties of ambient aerosol. A significant fraction of organic aerosol is secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which is produced when the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originated from various anthropogenic and biogenic sources react with atmospheric oxidants such as ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals to form lower volatility organic compounds, which subsequently partition into the particle phase. Understanding the composition of ambient aerosol is crucial for identifying their sources and formation mechanisms and predicting their properties and effects on various ambient processes. This thesis focuses on investigating the composition of laboratory–generated SOA formed from the oxidation of biogenic VOCs of atmospheric importance (isoprene and β–caryophyllene) and ambient aerosol collected in the field campaigns using advanced mass spectrometric techniques. By comparing the mass spectrometric data collected for the both laboratory–generated SOA and ambient aerosol, we propose reaction pathways and new chemical tracers for these biogenic VOCs, which enhance our knowledge of the composition, sources, and formation pathways of SOA in the atmosphere. With a better knowledge of the SOA composition, a product–specific model is proposed to predict the composition and aerosol mass yields (mass of SOA formed per mass of hydrocarbon reacted) of laboratory–generated α–pinene SOA.

One of the main river water quality and environmental problems in Lithuania is pollution with biogenic and organic substances. Urban wastewater and diffuse source pollution from agricultural areas are the main sources of river water pollution with biogenic substances. Hydrochemical indicators of tendencies of change for the period of 1992–2010 were analyzed as well as the change of point pollution for the period of 2000–2010. The study included a field study, assessing the impact of point pollution in Silutė town on the river Sysa water quality. The FYRIS model estimated the change in the impact of general nitrogen on the river Sysa diffuse and point water pollution for the period of 1997–2006. Statistical correlations between the observed concentrations in the water quality and those modelled were made.

Biogenic Sulfur Emissions: A Review U.S. National Biogenic Sulfur Emissions Inventory Variability in Biogenic Sulfur Emissions from Florida Wetlands Synthesis and Emission of Hydrogen Sulfide by Higher Plants Sulfur Emissions from Roots of the Rain Forest Tree Stryphnodendron excelsum: Ecosystem, Community, and Physiological Implications Origin of Hydrogen Sulfide in Freshwater Sediments Sulfur Cycling in an Experimentally Acidified Seepage Lake Reactivity of Sulfur Nucleophiles Toward Halogenated Organic Compounds in Natural Waters The Distribution of Dimethyl Sulfide in the Oceans: A Review Biogeochemical Cycling of Dimethyl Sulfide in Marine Environments Dimethyl Sulfide Production in Marine Phytoplankton Dimethyl Sulfide and (Dimethylsulfonio)propionate in European Coastal and Shelf Waters Microbial Metabolism of Dimethyl Sulfide Metabolism of Acrylate and 3-Mercaptopropionate: Decomposition Products of (Dimethylsulfonio)propionate in Anoxic Marine Sediments Mechanistic Studies of Organosulfur (Thiol) Formation in Coastal Marine Sediments Reduced Sulfur Compounds in the Marine Environment: Analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Enzymatic Steps and Dissimilatory Sulfur Metabolism by Whole Cells of Anoxyphotobacteria Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters Hydrogen Sulfides in Oxic Seawater Dimethyl Sulfide and Hydrogen Sulfide in Marine Air Distribution of Biogenic Sulfur Compounds in the Remote Southern Hemisphere Sulfur Isotope Ratios: Tracers of Non-Sea Salt Sulfate in the Remote Atmosphere Two Automated Methods for Measuring Trace Levels of Sulfur Dioxide Using Translation Reactions Gas-Phase Atmospheric Oxidation of Biogenic Sulfur Compounds: A Review OH-Initiated Oxidation of Biogenic Sulfur Compounds: Kinetics and Mechanisms Under Atmospheric Conditions Mechanism of Atmospheric Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide by Hydroxyl Radicals Mechanisms for the Reaction of CH[3S with NO[2 The Impact of Halogen Oxides on Dimethyl Sulfide Oxidation in the Marine Atmosphere Fourier Transform IR Studies of the Reactions of Dimethyl Sulfoxide with OH, NO[3, and Cl Radicals North Sea Dimethyl Sulfide Emissions as a Source of Background Sulfate over Scandinavia: A Model The Uptake of Gases by Liquid Droplets: Sulfur Dioxide Rate of Reaction of Methanesulfonic Acid, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, and Dimethyl Sulfone with Hydroxyl Radical in Aqueous Solution Oxidation of Biogenic Sulfur Compounds in Aqueous Media: Kinetics and Environmental Implications

During the coagulation-flocculation processes involved in the treatment of surface waters, dissolved organics are also incorporated into the aluminium and iron (III) hydroxide flocs. A part of the dissolved organics can thus be removed by simple solid-liquid phase separation techniques, like sedimentation, flotation, sand filtration. According to laboratory evidence, durable bonds between the coagulant, or the metal hydroxides thereof, develop only over the extremely short (a few seconds) period which elapses from the formation of the metal hydroxides to the intense aggregation of the metal hydroxide sols. The bonds between these latter and the organic substances are mainly of the hydrogen bridge type, but other secondary chemical bonds and adsorption are also involved. Owing to the chemical structure and relatively low concentration levels of the organic substances, direct valence chemical bonds between the coagulants or the metal hydroxides thereof and the organic substances develop to a slight extent only.

Abstract. Organic substances are suspected to influence the unpredictable, episodic blooms which characterize the planktonic pennate diatom Asterionella glacialis in certain coastal waters. Experiments to test its general responsiveness to organic enrichments in terms of growth rate and colony formation were carried out. An axenic clone was grown at 10° C, 0.039 l min‐1,12:12 LD cycle in Guillard's f/2 medium enriched with eight different organic substances. Growth rates in organically‐enriched media during exponential phase usually exceeded those in f/2 medium alone. Cell yields after 12 days in media enriched with glycyl‐glycin and trypticase + yeast extract were significantly greater than in the other treatments. Longer chain lengths accompanied organic enrichment, notably with trypticase + yeast extract and 100ppm soil extract. These results suggest that Asterionella glacialis is positively responsive to elevated levels of certain organic substances. A potential effect of organic substance ‐ trace metal ‐ silica interactions on colony‐size is suggested.

To determine the blood and urine concentrations of a number of metals and organic substances in workers at a hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) in Catalonia, Spain, 8 years after regular operations in the facility. To compare these concentrations with the baseline (1999) levels and with those obtained in previous (2000 and 2005) surveys. The employees were divided into three groups according to their specific workplaces. Plasma analyses of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), as well as urinary analyses of 2,4- and 2,5-dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,5- and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) were carried out. Blood concentrations of manganese and mercury, and urinary levels of nickel were also determined. For organic compounds in plasma, the comparison of the current levels with those of previous surveys did not show any significant increase for any of the compounds analyzed. In contrast, plasma levels of PCBs 28, 52 and 101 were significantly lower than the respective baseline concentrations, while especially notable was the significant reduction in the levels of PCDD/Fs in plasma of plant workers, which decreased from 26.7 pg I-TEQ/g lipid in the baseline survey to the current 2.5 pg I-TEQ/g lipid. According to the results of the present study, there are no evident signs of occupational exposure to a number of metals and organic substances in the workers of the HWI.

Hazard assessment study on organic compounds and heavy metals from using artificial turf

Gallons of refilled drinking water usually don't run out in a single use but run out in a few days or even up to 1 to 2 weeks, depending on usage, and stored at room temperature (27-29 °C). Drinking water that is stored for a long time will allow the growth of microorganisms which are influenced by environmental factors, namely temperature conditions and oxygen supply during storage. This affects the pH and total organic content of drinking water. Inspection of the quality of water products according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010, which is a maximum organic matter content of 10 mg/L. According to chemical parameters, drinking water must not contain inorganic and organic substances exceeding the standard with a pH value between 6.5-8.5. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of organic substances in RO (Reverse Osmosis) refill drinking water. This type of research is a laboratory experiment using purposive sampling technique. The results showed that the average organic content of refilled drinking water with a storage period of 0 days was 1.839 mg/L, 3 days was 2.57 mg/L, and 6 days was 5.28 mg/L. Thus, the levels of organic substances in drinking water are based on storage time of 0, 3, and 6 days using the spectrophotometric method according to the maximum drinking water quality standard.