Les Pratiques de modélisation macroéconomique en France entre 1950 et 1975 by Loipa Muñiz DuarteEconomy and Interest: A New Presentation of the Fundamental Problems Related to the Economic Role of the Rate of Interest and Their Solutions by Maurice Allais

Capital market has a strategic role for strengthening the economic resilience of the country and as an alternative for profitable investment. Capital market has an important role in economics of the country due to the dual functions, economics function and finance. Capital market is a national driving force through its role as a source of financing for the company and alternative for investor to invest. In capital market, Indonesia important role as this index can be used as barometer on the economic health of the country. Macroeconomics factor is high inflation, interest rate, and depreciation of rupiah to dollar, could lower the stock price. The aim of this research is to study the effect of macro economy e.g. inflation, rupiah exchange rate, and interest rate on Indonesian Composite Index (IDX) at Indonesian Stock Exchange (ISE).Method of analysis is carried out using linear regression model equation. Data used in this study is secondary monthly data during the period of 2013-2016. Total number of 36 samples is used. The effect of inflation, interest rate / BI Rate and exchange rate to ISE on model equation is 41.61%. Correlation between variable inflation and interest rate / BI rate is 0.490 quite strong at the same direction. Correlation between inflation and exchange rate is -0,349 which is quite strong but not at the same direction. Correlation between interest rate and exchange rate is 1 which is very strong and at the same direction. From the calculation, calculated F < F table (1.825 < 8,92), which can be concluded that there is no linear correlation between inflation, interest rate / BI Rate and exchange rate to ISE. Structural equation is Y= -0.088 X1 -0.300 X2 + 0,165 X3 + Ɛ.

The Origins of Behavioural Public Policy

Money plays a strategic role in economics and was often initially interpreted as a widely accepted means of payment, especially due to its primary function as a medium of transaction. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of interest rates, economic growth and inflation on the money supply. The variables observed in this study are the floating money in circulation (M1) as the dependent variable and interest rates, economic growth and inflation as the independent variables. The study uses secondary data from his 2013 to his 2022 from the Central Bureau of Statistics. This study uses multiple regression analysis with the SPSS program. The results of this study demonstrate that the independent variables (interest rates, GDP, and inflation) simultaneously affect the dependent variable (money supply). On the other hand, only interest rate variables affect the money supply, while GDP and inflation variables do not.

As an important macroeconomic variable and monetary policy tool, interest rate has been included in the core of the economic analysis for a long time. Reasonable interest rate is significant in the aspects of improving the social credit level and playing the economic leverage role, so the modeling approach of interest rate is our concern. This paper proposes a new interest rate model on the basis of exponential Ornstein–Uhlenbeck equation under the uncertain environment. Based on the model, the pricing formulas of the zero-coupon bond, interest rate ceiling and interest rate floor are derived through the Yao–Chen formula. In addition, some numerical algorithms are designed to calculate the prices of derivations according to the pricing formulas above.

Time series forecasting plays a crucial role in economics and finance, particularly in predicting interest rates that influence monetary policy and financial decision-making. While previous research has explored optimizing similar models, this study is the first to apply an optimized model to Iraq's IRCB dataset. Accurately predicting interest rates in Iraq’s volatile economy remains a challenge, as traditional forecasting methods struggle with the dataset’s non-linear patterns in financial data, leading to suboptimal predictions. Additionally, selecting optimal hyperparameters for SVR is time-consuming and often ineffective. To address these issues, this study used a Hybrid BAT-SVR approach, leveraging the Bat Algorithm’s global search capabilities to automate and enhance SVR’s hyperparameter tuning. The BA is utilized to optimize SVR’s hyperparameters, enhancing its predictive accuracy and robustness in handling non-linear relationships in time series data. So that, the primary goal is to develop a reliable and accurate forecasting model for IRCB data. The proposed methodology is applied to Iraq’s Commercial Bank Interest Rates (IRCB) dataset, covering the period from June 2005 to June 2024. Empirical results demonstrate that the hybrid model outperforms standalone SVR and traditional forecasting methods in terms of prediction accuracy and generalization ability. Performance metrics, including R², Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), confirm the efficiency of the BAT-SVR model in capturing complex financial trends. The findings provide a valuable tool for policymakers and financial institutions to enhance decision-making and economic planning. Furthermore, this study contributes to the growing field of hybrid machine learning models in financial time series forecasting, offering insights for future research in optimization-based predictive modelling.

This work is an analysis of the Economocracy and Representative Economocracy. A reformed economic system is required for the transformation of global grown debt to sustainable levels. The challenge to avoid economic worldwide deadlock yields the emerging need for economocracy as a premium democracy, serving with that way social stability. The economic system of Economocracy is based on the free market but simultaneously faces all disturbances from wars, depressions, economic crises, and interest rates. Economocracy is the proportional system of Democracy in a political view, in the case of the economy. It is the only economic system that supports pure Democracy and can face global dept, healthcare problems, third world poverty, appropriate space programs, and any economic dysfunction which be an obstacle to pure democracy. This is the first peer-review publication of Economocracy after seven years of birth of Economocracy by working papers. This paper aims to clarify that capitalism has fundamental problems in many aspects. Primarily it is not plausible to regime any dysfunction of the local economies and in general at a worldwide level. Well-standing democracy cannot exist without economocracy, meaning that the control of the economy from the people and for the people, is the balanced way for economic affairs and then democracy. The interest rates and the global debt it is not plausible to be served by capitalism. The Economocracy is formed on the aspect of an economic unit globally that will control the global economic uncontrolled problems. Capitalism just moving the economic obligations or the future by depressing countries, and generations of people, and as result, it is to have wars, not pure democracies, and unlimited exploitation of the planet's resources without barriers, for profits. Also, economocracy can protect democracy from authoritarianism, as countries that do not comply with the aspects of Economocracy and democracy will not receive the “free amounts” of money for the enforcement of lower income, for medical care system, and other purposes. The purpose of the papers is to show is to present this economic system, using theoretical and mathematical terms and analysis. For this reason, is used a hypothetical scenario, but with real amounts, showing how will function Economocracy. The results comply with the initial hypothesis that global debt and interest rates could be covered by economocracy without causing inflation, in fact with way could be faced inflation from a plausible increase in prices, as this amount of money going for special purposes and don’t affect the banking system, the market, the level of prices or in the general economy.

This study aims to examine the influence of interest rates, GDP, consumption, and investment on Islamic finance in Malaysia. Also, it focuses on the causal relationship between the macroeconomic and humanistic approach in understanding the role of Muslim economics. Data were analyzed using the Vector Error Correction Model and the results showed that interest rates negatively affect the real sector. Therefore, the Islamic financial system with a zero or no interest-based interest rate tends to promote a social economy

Understanding the heterogeneity of interest rate adjustments to monetary policy: Evidence for Colombia

While I served in the White House, [as Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs and Policy and Executive Director of the White House Domestic Policy Staff from 1977–81], Ph.D. economists occupied the positions of Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Treasury, Director of the Council on Wage and Price Stability, the President's anti-inflation adviser, Chairman and Council Members of the Council of Economic Advisers, and many other senior positions throughout the government. Yet we presided over an economy with double-digit inflation and interest rates and a recession. Presidents of the United States and their White House Staff members expect economists to be omniscient prophets of the future course of the economy, unerring economic policy advisers, and teachers of the mysterious science of economics to often distracted pupils. They expect their economists to provide an economic blueprint for high growth, low inflation, and a guaranteed re-election—but without offending any important constituencies. What is the appropriate role for economists in the White House? What can they realistically be expected to do?

The economic role and especially using of trust for the success of the cooperative resulting from the essence of agriculture is revealed. The relationship of trust with the interest rates for attraction and investment of funds is shown. The main types of possible management and planning strategies for the cooperative are identified.

La desintegración de la economía colonial: Comercio y moneda en el interior del espacio colonial (1800–1860)

This chapter provides a theoretical treatment of money and its role in 21st century Keynesian economics and in the 21st century economy, e.g. with some reference to the credit crisis of 2007 onwards. To start, the treatment of money in 20th century Keynesian economics is reviewed, including that provided by Keynes. Then the current theory of endogenous money is briefly summarised as it developed towards the end of the century and into the current century. The chapter continues by elaborating the extensions to the consensus Post Keynesian theory in the literature. Money is defined in terms of seven characteristics: 1. trust, 2. divisibility, 3. “invariance” in value over space and time, 4. limitation in supply, 5. acceptance as a unit of account, 6. convenience and 7. attractiveness. The chapter goes on to elucidate the concept of economic invariance. The role of money in spatial and temporal economics is briefly addressed, so that the essential symmetry between exchange rates (exchange rates for different moneys at a point in time) and interest rates (costs of or return to holding one money over time) is highlighted. There is a brief discussion of the role of money in the current crisis. The chapter concludes with a discussion of one more attribute of money: money as magic.

Currency depreciation, also known as devaluation, plays a pivotal role in international finance and economics, influencing trade dynamics, investment flows, and macroeconomic stability. It involves complex interactions between market forces, political developments, and economic fundamentals. Depreciation occurs when a nation's currency loses value relative to others in the foreign exchange market, driven by factors such as interest rate disparities, inflation differentials, trade imbalances, geopolitical tensions, and financial speculation. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for policymakers, businesses, and investors seeking to make informed decisions and manage associated risks. The effects of currency depreciation are multifaceted. While a weaker domestic currency can enhance export competitiveness and potentially stimulate economic growth, it also raises the cost of imports, contributing to inflation and reducing consumer purchasing power. Countries dependent on imported goods or with high levels of foreign- denominated debt face increased financial pressure as repayment costs rise. Additionally, depreciation can affect capital flows and foreign direct investment, typically prompting investor withdrawals and forcing central banks to intervene through interest rate adjustments or currency market operations. Currency depreciation is further compounded by political instability and economic uncertainty, which can perpetuate downward pressure on the currency. Addressing this phenomenon requires coordinated policy responses, including fiscal discipline, monetary tightening, and structural reforms. Businesses must adopt risk management tools such as currency hedging, while investors should monitor macroeconomic trends to anticipate shifts in exchange rates. Successfully managing currency depreciation demands collaboration among governments, central banks, corporations, and financial institutions to support stability and sustainable global economic growth.

Attempts by the State to influence wage-fixing procedures on the basis of certain guiding principles have more in common with its essentially economic role in former times, the fixation of the gold value of the monetary unit, than with its new activities in the social field. Whether the economy is operated on a ‘gold standard’ or a ‘labour standard’, or a mixture of the two, State mediation in these matters means that the authorities behave more like a monetary or banking institution than like a social institution. Control of wages can be viewed as the best way of regulating the economy in the same way that influencing the rate of interest was fifty years ago. Controlling the rate of wage increases, rather than manipulating the rate of interest, enables the State to enjoy the low and stable rates of interest that it prefers, and might allow everyone to reap the benefits of an elastic credit system and flexible exchange rates. Yet such control is a rather complicated way of managing the economy, and involves a rise in the degree of State intervention since it has a direct impact upon both public and private employers and wage- and salary-earners and changes the role of their representatives in collective bargaining procedures at all levels.

CHAPTER 1 - RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN EDUCATION