Leishmania infantum: Sequence Homology within Minicircle Classes Regardless of Geographical Distance

Abstract

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described utilizing the surface glycocalyx crude antigen of adult blood trematodes Learedius learedi, Hapalotrema dorsopora, and Carettacola hawaiiensis, for the detection of circulating antibodies (Ab) in Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) naturally infected with the parasites and with or without green turtle fibropapillomatosis (GTFP). A concentration of 10.0 micrograms/ml of antigen was optimal in terms of test specificity and sensitivity. A direct ELISA with anti-reptilian/amphibian phosphatase-labeled IgG identified C. mydas Ab at a dilution of 1/12,800. Utilizing indirect ELISA, it was possible to detect Ab to blood flukes at a dilution of 1/3,200. The gross lesions and histopathology were typical for cardiovascular spirorchidiasis in C. mydas. No significant relationship was found between the size of turtles and the degree of GTFP severity. Forty-seven of 59 (80%) samples, from 5 sites, gave a positive ELISA reaction; 6 of the 47 (13%) specimens gave significantly (P < 0.001) higher absorbance values, with 5 from the same location. All 12 (20%) ELISA-negative turtles originated from 1 site, and the absorbance values of the 41 animals from this location were significantly lower (P < 0.015) when compared with the other 4 sites. The proposed assay is fast, has the feature of visual scoring, and can be used for determination of exposure of C. mydas to the spirorchid trematodes.