Abstract
Abstract This chapter addresses how God-optional religion spread into the American legal system. It focuses on conscientious objection, which had traditionally required objectors to believe in God. In the 1965 Supreme Court case United States v. Seeger, Quakers and other liberal religious groups backed the case of an agnostic man who sought to challenge the restriction of conscientious objection to theists. This was partly an effort to protect their own theological convictions. In the religious upheaval of the 1960s, these efforts found a sympathetic audience with the Supreme Court, which expanded legal protections beyond theists. The legal acceptance of God-optional views indicates just how widespread the ideas first taught in these small religious communities eventually became.
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