Learned Family on the Educator‐Kibbutzim—Knowledge, Kinship, and Social Transformation as Historical Legacy

Traditional notions of parenthood are being challenged by the requests for treatment in a licensed fertility clinic. The unprecedented fast‐moving changes in assisted reproductive technology, especially gamete (sperm, eggs, embryo) donation, are enabling the creation of new forms of family. For this to be the subject of new systemic research, a reflexive intertwining of both research activities and professional practice activities is required with each informing and forming the other. Indeed, practitionersareresearchers by virtue of rigorously using reflexive analytical processes in daily practice moment by moment. If we author ourselves in conversation with others, the ‘thing’ we are studying are ways of talking and relating to each other. Thus a paradigm shift has to be made, from examining entities to attending to language or language processes – especially in the counselling conversation that precedes treatment. This article presents a model where the ‘small’ stories of everyday lives are turned from a passing event into a research enterprise as witness to social change. For the social skills we use to do both practiceandresearch attach us to real human beings in deeply human ways.Practitioner pointsOne counselling conversation can help people to reflect on creating the new forms of family they envision and place this in an ethical context.Conversational practice challenges institutional traditions and moves towards a more philosophical model of collaborative inquiryClients telling their story become observers of their own thinking and see themselves as experts in their own livesThe practitioner uses reflexive analytical processes, foregrounding the ethical in order to minimize social and power inequalities

The Census Bureau defines a family as a group of two or more people who reside together and are related by birth, marriage, or adoption (U.S. Census Bureau Current Population Survey Subject Definitions 2019). Since the 1950s marriage and family structure in the United States has undergone a significant transformation. This transformation includes a decline in marriage, a rise in new forms of family, and an expansion of what constitutes a “family” for the general population. The historical conception of family as being the “traditional” nuclear family consisting of a mother and father and their children continues to erode. Future trends in marriage and family suggest the continued decline in the rate of marriage and expansion of new forms of family. I review trends in marriage and family utilizing U.S. Census Bureau Decennial Census and Current Population Survey data from 1950 through 2018, discuss the expanding view of “family” using Pew Research Center Changing American Family data (2011), and close with a discussion of the future forms of families.

Since the ‘90s, there has been a renewal of interest on kinship studies produced by emerging topics within research into gender, personhood and particularly, the construction of kin relationships through Assisted Reproductive Technologies. The deconstruction of kinship as “a natural fact” has definitely questioned and challenged the genealogical dimension of kinship, which was traditionally based on the link between heterosexuality and procreation. The first part of this paper briefly reconstructs the new theories toward Euro-American kinship perceptions in anthropology. The focus is on the changes resulting from new assisted reproduction techniques, low fertility in relation to changes in genealogical space; and finally, issues relating to biopolitics. In the second part, starting from the ethnographic work that proponents have been conducting for years on homo-parental (same sex) families in Italy, the paper explores the way in which “new forms of family” are currently creating new textures of social cohesion and “relatedness”. The reflections of this paper focus on one hand, the different forms of procreative constructions and parenthood/intentional parenthood, and on the other, the production of “multiple genealogies”, new forms of relatedness and a new lexicon of relationships.

Contemporary Family and the Diversity of Family Life Formpp. Slovakia (as well as other post communistic countries) has been experiencing dynamic changes in family behaviour since 1989, which is reflected in the diversity of family life formpp. The dominant type, nuclear family, which is formed by two parents and a child or children, has been extended, in the process of family behaviour changes, by forms such as a family formed by one adult (a parent) or informal partnership couplepp. The study is aimed at the process of diversification of family behaviour, seeks to present a view of new forms of family and partnership life, and analyzes their difficulties and limitpp. This analysis focuses on five forms of family and partnership life which are typical of the current development and are organized with regard to family life cycle: single, cohabitation, marriage, one parent and reconstructed family. In the conclusion, the author indicates recommendations for family and school education aiming at improving the preparation of students and the young for family life.

WHAT'S OUT THERE: SURROGACY FORUM BOOK REVIEW

While studies have examined how parents organize, manage, or mediate children’s internet use, perspectives of non-traditional, new forms of family remain largely neglected in the research. Presenting the initial findings of explorative ethnographic work within one multi-household stepfamily and one divorced one-parent household in Belgium, this article points to the challenges of internet mediation in new family forms as it involves complex interpersonal dynamics that are the result of major changes in family life, and the fact that parenting is distributed between parents in different households with their own media use norms. Specifically, this study found that children in multi-household families experience different mediation regimes and navigate relatively easily between them, but also that post-divorce family life can generate dynamics that mitigate the outcomes of parental mediation, as well as intensify the role of peer-siblings in internet mediation. Methodological implications and suggestions for future family media research are discussed.

This article studies the effects that the introduction of new family formations has had on children’s rights, specifically the child’s right to know its origin. In order to provide for a systematic and comprehensive answer to the question of whether the child can exercise its right to know its origin in the context of new family formations, the author will start off by making a brief overview of the development of the rights of the child. Following that, the question of how and when the right of the child to know its origin was initially recognized as a universal right granted to all children will be answered. The analysis will further on deal with the specific challenges to which the child is subjected to in the context of new forms of family, primarily in cases of adoption, and subsequently, in cases of families created with the help of MAR procedures. As a result, an outline of the existing and possible approaches towards this issue will be showcased in order to summarize the emerging trends related to the child’s right to know its origin.

This book deals with forms of kinship that are marginalized in most kinship studies: with kinship beyond concepts of descent and alliance. It is a study of godparenthood and adoption in Frankish society at the time when Roman adoption was disappearing and godparenthood was being invented as a social tool.

The aim of the article is to consider practices of biotechnology that require gamete donation (cloning, human assisted reproduction technologies) and ethical and philosophical questions caused by these biotechnologies. The study is interdisciplinary and it is based on the research in philosophy, humanities, social and medical sciences. All of the sources in the study analyses gamete donation practices in different scientific fields. The study emphasizes social impact on familiar moral notions and the ability of these practices pose new ones. In the study the authors have come to conclusion that gamete donation causes new moral dilemmas and made us revisit the familiar notions of family, parental rights and obligations, family relations. At the same time gamete donation contributes to commodification of body and body parts, developing a new market where people make money. Commodification of body causes a set of ethical questions, such as permissibility of usage and exploitation of human bodies. The article describes current and possible future ethical and philosophical challenges, posed by practices of gamete donation. Many of these practices transcend familiar moral judgments and make people reconsider their attitudes toward family and family relations. Gamete donation practices are able to create new forms of family and body commodification practices.

In the 1990s, 60 percent of the households in Tuquerres, a highland town in Colombia's southwestern Andes, bought their first gas range for cooking. The residents frame their purchases as a manifestation of and say- ing the ranges are more economico, rapido, and limpio—terms readily translated as economic, fast, and clean. However, the spread of gas ranges by independent initiative inverts a top-down model of development through government and corporate actors. The resi- dents' use of a development discourse does not emanate primarily from a government or corporate development apparatus but, rather, results from the incorporation of development terms into a local history of hierarchy and stigma. Because residents use these terms to counter stigma and hierarchy, the terms involve unexpected nuances: Economico concerns spending money and cash pur- chases, ra'pido refers to new forms of family and sociability, and limpio becomes a foil to the shame of dirt. Use of these terms incorpo- rating these expanded meanings reveals that Tuquerrenos embrace aspects of development, but on their own terms. (Keywords: development, modernization, households, Colombia, Andes)

El aumento progresivo de nuevas formas de familia como la monoparentalidad moderna cuestiona la legitimidad del tradicional modelo de Estado de Bienestar, cuyo pilar fundamental se basaba en la estabilidad de la familia nuclear biparental asimétrica. Por ello, el objeto de este trabajo es presentar las relaciones existentes entre familias monoparentales y Estado de Bienestar en España. Los distintos trabajos de investigación realizados sobre las familias monoparentales han puesto de manifiesto la práctica inexistencia de directrices específicas en política familiar dirigidas a este tipo de familias (en cuanto a servicios y prestaciones), lo que dificulta la integración de las madres solas en el mercado de trabajo, debido a las dificultades que encuentran para compatibilizar el trabajo familiar y profesional, agravando así la precariedad económica y empobrecimiento de este tipo de familias.

This chapter explores contemporary everyday utopias that embrace the central values associated with Edward Bellamy, William Morris, Edward Carpenter, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman—institutions, sites, and practices that are committed to political, sexual, and spiritual egalitarianism; that promote simplicity and sustainability; and that explore new forms of family and community. Here the author describes his visits to the isle of Erraid in the Scottish Hebrides, Findhorn in northern Scotland, Twin Oaks in rural Virginia, and Occupy Wall Street. He also discusses the turn against utopia and the triumph of the literary dystopia in the twentieth century; how literature, social theory, and communities—the three distinct faces of utopianism—thrived from the late 1950s through the 1970s; utopian literature in the twenty-first century; Carpenter's influence on gay men's retreats and on the Radical Faeries; and the role of education in utopian vision.

As new forms of family and ‘non-traditional’ families grow in number, there is a need for understanding of these “new” arrangements and models of parenthood. This ground-breaking book discusses, using a comparative and a sociological perspective, examples of the relationship between changing gender identities and processes of family formation in the Western experience: including asexual couples; childfree women and men; living apart together (LAT) couples; lone mothers and fathers; homosexual and trans parents. The book shows that, in the 21st century, it is possible to live, love, form a family without sex, without children, without a shared home, without a partner, without a working husband, without a heterosexual orientation or without a “biological” sexual body. This unique book also discusses the political implications—in terms of social movements characteristics and demands—of these emerging dimensions of family life. Such changes are likely to be of interest for a wide range of educational and policy areas which impact on families, women, men, and children and the book will therefore be of interest to a wide readership.

As new forms of family and ‘non-traditional’ families grow in number, there is a need for understanding of these “new” arrangements and models of parenthood. This ground-breaking book discusses, using a comparative and a sociological perspective, examples of the relationship between changing gender identities and processes of family formation in the Western experience: including asexual couples; childfree women and men; living apart together (LAT) couples; lone mothers and fathers; homosexual and trans parents. The book shows that, in the 21st century, it is possible to live, love, form a family without sex, without children, without a shared home, without a partner, without a working husband, without a heterosexual orientation or without a “biological” sexual body. This unique book also discusses the political implications—in terms of social movements characteristics and demands—of these emerging dimensions of family life. Such changes are likely to be of interest for a wide range of educational and policy areas which impact on families, women, men, and children and the book will therefore be of interest to a wide readership.

Based on insights from an ongoing research project on food sustainability, we argue that discussing sustainable diets in isolation from food systems poses risks. Among these risks are making healthy diets exclusive, or ignoring externalities like biodiversity loss, land concentration, and encroachment on commons. Case studies from Bolivia and Kenya show how marked shifts from traditional to more uniform diets rich in sugar, salt, and fatty acids come with a radical transformation of food systems. Systems formerly based on local knowledge, local inputs, and local labor relations become dependent on external inputs, heavy mechanization, and productive specialization. Making diets more sustainable requires policies that protect existing and strengthen new forms of family and community farming. We discuss critical links between sustainable diets and sustainable food systems with reference to five principles of food sustainability: food security, the right to food, reduction of poverty and inequality, environmental performance, and resilience. Our analysis provides a basis for more comprehensive research and policies that minimize trade-offs and maximize synergies between sustainable diets and food systems.