Abstract
Perovskite solar cells employ lead halide perovskite materials as light absorbers. These perovskite materials have shown exceptional optoelectronic properties, making perovskite solar cells a fast-growing solar technology. Perovskite solar cells have achieved a record efficiency of over 20%, which has superseded the efficiency of Gräztel dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) technology. Even with their exceptional optical and electric properties, lead halide perovskites suffer from poor stability. They degrade when exposed to moisture, heat, and UV radiation, which has hindered their commercialization. Moreover, halide perovskite materials consist of lead, which is toxic. Thus, exposure to these materials leads to detrimental effects on human health. Halide double perovskites with A2B′B″X6 (A = Cs, MA; B′ = Bi, Sb; B″ = Cu, Ag, and X = Cl, Br, I) have been investigated as potential replacements of lead halide perovskites. This work focuses on providing a detailed review of the structural, optical, and stability properties of these proposed perovskites as well as their viability to replace lead halide perovskites. The triumphs and challenges of the proposed lead-free A2B′B″X6 double perovskites are discussed here in detail.
Highlights
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) constitute a new emerging low-cost solar technology that has the potential to dominate or co-exist with silicon solar technologies [1]
Even though the Cs2InAgCl6 double perovskite crystallized into a 3D structure, it exhibited a direct wide bandgap of 3.3 eV, which makes it unsuitable for single junction solar cell application
Optical properties of halide double perovskites are determined by investigating their visible light-harvesting capacity
Summary
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) constitute a new emerging low-cost solar technology that has the potential to dominate or co-exist with silicon solar technologies [1]. PSCs employ perovskite materials as light-harvesting materials. These perovskite materials have shown remarkable photovoltaic properties such as long charge diffusion length, direct bandgap, tunable bandgap, low carrier recombination, high carrier mobilities, high molar extinction coefficient, and strong absorption in the visible spectrum [3,4]. PSCs consist of (1) an organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite light harvester e.g., CH3 NH3 PbI3 (MAPbI3 ), (2) a hole-transporting material (HTM), e.g., spiroMeOTAD (2,20 7,70 -tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,90 -spiro-bifluorene), (3) an electron-transporting material (ETM), e.g., [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), (4) a transparent conducting electrodes, e.g., an indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode, (5) a back contact, e.g., Au, and (6) a mesoporous layer of TiO2 nanoparticles for mesoscopic cells.
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