Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe currently available and emerging technologies regarding the rehabilitation and replacement of small diameter (< 25 mm) lead pipes for water service. Numerous techniques currently are available and can be classified into five technology categories: open trench, replacement on new route (e.g. moling), replacement using existing route (e.g. pull through), pipe coating, and slip lining. Each technology has its own particular advantages and limitations. As such, water utilities should be prepared to use a range of techniques applicable to site-specific conditions.
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