Lead exposure is still a serious problem for pregnant women in Nicaragua

Abstract

Background and aim: A series of studies were carried out in Nicaragua between 2000 and 2010 reporting concerning levels of lead in women and children in urban areas. However, during the last decade, no other study has been published. Current population levels of lead are unknown. We aimed to assess blood lead levels in pregnant women living in the urban area of Managua, the capital of Nicaragua. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in 2017, assessing blood lead levels in 133 pregnant women (15 to 49 years of age), randomly selected among those treated at four health centers in Managua. We additionally explored the presence of potential lead exposure factors. Results. Overall, the median blood lead concentration (Pb-S) was 61.3 µg/L (range 15.1-336). Almost 25% of the women had Pb-S levels >100 µg/L, and 68% >50 µg/L. No significant association was observed between the levels of Pb-S and factors such as residence close to areas of intense traffic, presence of artisan car battery workshops in the neighborhood, personal exposure from car battery recycling, residence in homes that preserve walls with original paint prior to the 90's, etc. However, a significant difference was observed in relation to the area of residency. Conclusion: The risk of negative effects on the offspring due to prenatal exposure to lead is important in our population of pregnant women. The levels observed in a considerable proportion of the investigated women are above those at which effects on the neuropsychomotor developmental development of the infant have been observed. These women and their children will most likely continue to be exposed to lead in their areas of residence if effective interventions are not made to control sources of exposure and reduce contamination levels. Keywords: Blood lead level, pregnant women, prenatal exposure, Nicaragua.