Abstract
An innovative chromatographic analysis was developed for the determination of moniliformin (MON). Because of its ionic nature, MON is weakly retained in reversed-phase chromatography and the separation may be tricky. Nevertheless, this technique is normally used either with the formation of ion pairs or employing specific RP columns for polar compounds, or combining anion exchange and hydrophobic interactions. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was also used, but a non-negligible peak tailing was observed. Besides its ionic nature, MON is a di-ketone and di-ketones, mainly β-di-ketones, can easily form complexes with lanthanide ions. Then, in this work the addition of lanthanide ions to the mobile phase was investigated, aiming at improving peak shape and MON separation. La3+, Tb3+ or Eu3+ aqueous solutions were used as mobile phase and MON was chromatographed using a LC-NH2 column. The probable formation of coordination complexes lanthanide-MON in the HPLC mobile phase allowed to obtain a symmetrical peak shape and a satisfactory chromatographic separation by both mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and UV detection. Finally, a suitable extraction and purification method for MON determination in cereal samples was developed.
Highlights
Moniliformin (MON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin often occurring in cereals; it is mainly produced byF. avenaceum, proliferatum, subglutinans, tricinctum and verticilloides [1]
The probable formation of coordination complexes lanthanide-MON in the HPLC mobile phase allowed to obtain a symmetrical peak shape and a satisfactory chromatographic separation by both mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and UV detection
The simple addition of lanthanide ions to the mobile phase allowed an easy determination of MON using either mass spectrometric or UV detection
Summary
Moniliformin (MON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin often occurring in cereals; it is mainly produced byF. avenaceum, proliferatum, subglutinans, tricinctum and verticilloides [1]. Moniliformin (MON) is a Fusarium mycotoxin often occurring in cereals; it is mainly produced by. No specific maximum levels for MON in food and feed have been set by EU legislation. MON was detected worldwide in several cereal crops at different concentration levels with values up to 2606 μg kg−1 in maize and 326 μg kg−1 in wheat produced, respectively, in Italy and in the Netherlands being reported [1,6,7,8,9,10,11]. EFSA recommended the collection of more occurrence data on MON in foods and feeds to enable a comprehensive risk assessment for humans, and for farm and companion animals [5].
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