LC-MS Based Metabolite Profiling Leaves Extract of Pluchea indica With Antioxidant Activity

Antioxidants are chemical compounds that, in specific amounts, can inhibit or slow down cell damage caused by free radicals. Antioxidants function to protect the body from free radical attacks. The more free radicals in the body, the more cells will be damaged. One plant that contains antioxidant compounds is casturi mango (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.). Casturi mango (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) is a plant that contains secondary metabolite compounds such as saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics which have potential as antioxidants. This research aimed to determine differences in secondary metabolite compounds and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of casturi mango leaves (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) growing in Gampong Drien Bungong, Pidie Jaya. The stages of this research include sample processing, making ethanol extract of kasturi mango leaves, characterization examination, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant activity test. The sample used was musk mango leaves. The ethanol extract of casturi mango leaves (Mangifera casturi Koesterm.) was extracted using maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH (1-1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 516 nm and vitamin C as a comparison. Based on the results of phytochemical screening tests, there are differences in secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract of kasturi mango leaves in Gampong Drien Bungong, Pidie Jaya, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, and the results of antioxidant activity obtained an IC50 value of 9.06 ppm with the category very strong, equivalent to the antioxidant potential of vitamin C, having an IC50 value of 4.63 ppm in the robust category.

Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense L.) is a plant that can be used for treatment. Antioxidants have the activity to reduce free radical compounds which is one of the causes of the emergence of various diseases in humans. The purpose of this study to determine the comparison of methods of maceration and socletation extraction of antioxidant activity of malay apple leaf. Research stages include sampling, plant determination, making of simplisia, maceration extraction and socletation with 70% ethanol solvent and determine the antioxidant activity by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) as free radical. The parameter is IC50 value that is the concentration of antioxidant compound which can cause 50% loss of DPPH free radical activity. Although both methods show very strong antioxidant activity, it can be concluded that the difference in extraction methods has an effect on the antioxidant activity produced. The results of antioxidant activity test showed that socletation methods gave an average IC50 value of 37.67 ppm, this value is higher than maceration methods with an average IC50 value of 47.80 ppm. Malay apple leaf has the potential as a natural antioxidant, although it has a lower IC50 value than vitamin C which is 9.72 ppm.

Natural antioxidants can be obtained from fruit, vegetables and plants, because they contain the largest compounds, namely phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are the largest group of compounds that function as natural antioxidants in plants. One plant that contains a lot of antioxidants is found in the cherry plant (Muntingia calabura L.). This study aims to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the maceration and ultrasonic extraction methods of ethanol extract, ethyl acetate of cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.). Extraction of cherry leaves was carried out using maceration and ultrasonic methods using ethyl acetate solvent. The thick ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of cherry leaves were measured for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The results of maceration extraction with ethanol solvent had a content of 58.498 mgGAE/g and ethyl acetate had a content of 58.820 mgGAE/g. The results of ultrasonic extraction with ethanol solvent had a content of 56.118 mgGAE/g and ethyl acetate had a content of 51.463 mgGAE/g. The total phenolic content of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of cherry leaves from the maceration and ultrasonic methods had significant differences. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of cherry leaves using the maceration extraction method had antioxidant activity levels of 36,639 ppm and 39,361 ppm, while the ultrasonic method had antioxidant activity levels of 35,268 ppm and 39,179 ppm respectively. The antioxidant activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of cherry leaves from maceration and ultrasonic extraction methods has significant differences.

Extraction of strawberry fruit (Fragaria sp) by maceration and microwave and antioxidant activity test was studied. The objectives of this research are (1) to compare the maceration and microwave extraction techniques, and (2) to determine the antioxidant activity of strawberry fruit extract. The research steps consist of sample preparation, maceration and microwave extraction with 96% ethanol solution, phytochemical screening test and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method. The yield of extraction of 5.77%, 2.12%, 1.55% and 2.58% is achieved at 24 hours maceration and 3, 5 and 7 min microwaves, respectively. The phytochemical screening result shows that the strawberry fruit ethanol extract contains tannins, flavanoids, alkaloids, and saponins compounds. The identification result of flavanoids compounds by UV-Vis spectophotometer reveals that the strawberry fruit ethanol extract is interpreted to contain isoflavones compounds. The FTIR spectra displays the existence of specific function groups of flavanoids compound such as OH, C-O alcohol, C=C aromatic, C-H aromatic, C-H alifatic, C=O and C-O ether. Antioxidant activity test by DPPH method reveals that strawberry fruit ethanol extract at 24 h maceration and 3, 5 and 7 min microwave containing IC50 of 50.61 ppm and 67.97, 118.45 and 61.42 ppm, respectively. Moreover, LC-MS-MS analysis indicates the presence of isoflavones compounds peak i.e. formononetin and daidzin.

Henslowia frutescens is a semi-parasitic plant, although considered harmful, it has medicinal and cosmetic potential. This plant has secondary metabolite compounds, namely phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids which have high antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the sunscreen activity of the ethanol extract of Henslowia frutescens based on the in vitro SPF (Sun Protecting Factor) value and to determine its antioxidant activity. The research stages included sampling, sampling, maceration extraction with 95% ethanol, yield calculation, phytochemical screening, sunscreen activity test based on SPF value, and antioxidant activity test. Data analysis was carried out descriptively based on the measurement results processed according to the calculation formula. The results showed that the sunscreen activity of the ethanol extract of Henslowia frutescens based on the in vitro SPF value was 14.57 - 25.20 with moderate protection category. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Henslowia frutescens showed a very strong category with an IC value of 22.82 ± 1.33.

Sambiloto, often referred to as the “Raja Pahit”, is a plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family. This plant is known to produce secondary metabolite compounds with various biological benefits, including antioxidant properties. Antioxidant compounds have been shown to counteract the formation of free radicals that are harmful to the body. The antioxidant activity of the Sambiloto plant can be evaluated using endophytic fungi associated with it. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolite compounds and evaluate the antioxidant activity of AS-3 Fungus isolated from the Sambiloto roots. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of AS-3 contained terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids. In addition, the antioxidant activity test showed promising results, with an IC50 value of 10.225 ppm, indicating high antioxidant potential. This is the first report on the phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity test of the ethyl acetate extract of AS-3 fungus isolated from Sambiloto roots.

The palm sugar not only has potential as natural sweetener but also has antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to analyze antioxidant and pH of the nira in palm sugar. The sample in this study was palm sugar from 6 different production sites. Test of antioxidant activity used DPPH method (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) with a wavelength of 517 nm. The value of absorbance solution was measured using spectrophotometry and the value of effective concentration (IC50) was counted. The pH test was measured using a pH meter. Pearson’s correlation test revealed r=-0.045 with significant value 0.932 (>0.005). There was no correlation between pH value and antioxidant activity of palm sugar. IC50 value of palm sugar in Sumowono village revealed that it had a strong antioxidant activity (50 μg/ml - 100 μg/ml) that is 74,73 μg/ml; 83.94 μg/ml; 82.31 μg/ml; 83.94 μg/ml; 86.10 μg/ml; 82.13 μg/ml; 89.17 μg/ml; 89.71 μg/ml; 89.17 μg/ml; and 84.84 μg/ml). Lower IC50 values indicate higher antioxidant activity. Palm sugar with the best antioxidant activity came from the production sites which had IC50 values of 74.73 μg/ml. Potential antioxidants can be optimized by making improvements to the processing system.

Antioxidants can be given to the skin through cosmetics such as face toners. One source of antioxidants is obtained through the fermentation of butterfly pea flower kombucha (Clitoria ternatea L.), which has been proven to have better antioxidant activity than butterfly pea flower extract alone. This study aimed to determine the metabolite compounds in butterfly pea flower kombucha and create a facial toner formulation with good antioxidant activity. The butterfly pea flower kombucha was fermented for 6 days at room temperature. Facial toners were made with concentrations of 5%, 7,5% and 10%. Evaluation of the face toner includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, specific gravity, and viscosity tests. The antioxidant activity test used the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrilhydrazil) method, with vitamin C as a positive control. The results showed that there were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoid compounds in butterfly pea flower kombucha. Face toners with concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% could be prepared and met all evaluations (organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, specific gravity, and viscosity). Antioxidant test results on formula 1 IC50 50,21±SD 0,01 (strong), formula 2 IC50 44,32±SD 0,02 (very strong) and formula 3 IC50 38,62±SD 0,03 (very strong). The higher the concentration of butterfly pea flower kombucha, the higher the antioxidant activity. Butterfly pea flower kombucha (Clitoria ternatea L.) which is formulated as a face toner preparation has strong to very strong antioxidants, and the increasing concentration of active ingredients had an effect on antioxidant activity. Keywords: face toner, butterfly pea flower kombucha, DPPH method, antioxidant activity

Purnajiwa (Kopsia arborea Blume.) contains diverse phytochemicals with notable antibacterial potential. This study aimed to characterize and quantify the phytochemicals of Kopsia arborea fruit extracts obtained by maceration and Soxhlet extraction with methanol and evaluate their antibacterial activity against MRSA through phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, spectrophotometric quantification of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolics, and disc diffusion assay at 100 ?g/mL concentration. The findings indicated that the Soxhlet extraction produced a superior yield (19.47 ± 0.58%) compared to maceration (11.09 ± 0.65%). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids, with no qualitative differences between the two extracts. Quantitative analysis demonstrated higher concentrations of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics in the Soxhlet extract, with values of 88.58 ± 3.76, 46.50 ± 1.04, and 57.87 ± 0.44 ?g/mL, respectively, compared to the maceration extract (50.46 ± 3.86, 26.22 ± 0.27, and 30.49 ± 0.31 ?g/mL, respectively). GC-MS analysis identified 13 alkaloid compounds in the Soxhlet extract and 12 in the maceration extract. Antibacterial assays revealed that the mean inhibition zone diameter against MRSA was 11.69 ± 0.28 mm for the Soxhlet extract and 12.61 ± 0.27 mm for the maceration extract, respectively. In conclusion, Soxhlet extraction yielded higher concentrations of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids; however, GC-MS analysis revealed that the macerated extract exhibited a higher AUC of alkaloid compounds than that of Soxhlet extraction. Moreover, the macerated extract demonstrated superior antibacterial activity, indicating that maceration has greater potential for development as an antibacterial agent than Soxhlet extraction.

Mahogany tree (Swietienia macrophylla king) has many benefits as an antioxidant, starting from the roots, bark, leaves, even the mistletoe that lives on this plant. Mahogany mistletoe leaves (Loranthus swietenia macrophylla) were used as samples in this study to test their antioxidant activity. This study was conducted because many have conducted antioxidant tests on mistletoe leaves such as mengkudu mistletoe leaves, coffee mistletoe leaves, mango mistletoe leaves and kersen mistletoe leaves. Mahogany mistletoe leaves (Loranthus swietenia macrophylla) were used as samples in this study to test their antioxidant activity. Before the antioxidant activity test was carried out, a phytochemical screening test was first carried out as a qualitative analysis stage to determine the secondary metabolite content in mahogany mistletoe leaves. Mahogany mistletoe leaves were dried in variations of 0 days (S), 4 days (KA4), and 8 days (KA8) which were extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol solvent. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that mahogany mistletoe leaf extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. The total phenolic content was 25.25; 48.29; and 52.82 mgGEA/g extract for extracts S, KA4, and KA8, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity test using vitamin C as a comparator with the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method showed IC50 values ​​of 10.79; 8.00; 7.41 ppm for extracts S, KA4, and KA8, respectively, indicating that the highest antioxidant activity was possessed by sample KA 8 with an IC50 value of 7.41 ppm with a total phenolic content of 52.82 mgGEA/g

The present study aimed to compare the polyphenol content, total phenolic, total flavonoid, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtained from Centaurea amaena Boiss. & Balansa and Centaurea aksoyi Hamzaoğlu & Budak. Both species were subjected to maceration, Soxhlet and ultrasonication extractions with methanol in order to macerated (ME), Soxhlet (SE) and ultrasonicated (UE) extracts. Their phenolic profiles were qualitatively examined by LC-MS. Their antioxidant activities were determined by phosphomolybdenum, β-carotene bleaching and DPPH assays. Agar diffusion and broth dilution methods were carried out to find the antimicrobial activity of these extracts against fifteen microorganisms. Quercetin, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside and protocatechuic acid were the main components of the both extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were found in the UE for both species. All the extracts exhibited good total antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activity. UE obtained from C.amaena showed the highest antioxidant activity with the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents. The antibacterial activity of UE obtained from C.amaena was better than other extracts and antibacterial activity of C.amaena was also better than C.aksoyi. This study confirms that ultrasonic extraction may be an ideal, simple and rapid method to obtain polyphenol-rich extracts have antioxidant as well as antibacterial activity from both Centaurea species especially from C.amaena.

Plants contain compounds that are classified as secondary metabolites. One of them is terap fruit (Artocarpus odoratissimus). Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus) is a plant that grows a lot in Kalimantan. Most of the Artocarpus genus have pharmacological properties. One of the benefits of these compounds is as an antioxidant. Antioxidants can remove free radical compounds in the body and prevent the onset of disease. Secondary metabolite compounds found in plants have been isolated and used as components in medicine. The study was intended to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of terap fruit seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus) using the DPPH method. The method in this study was quantitative experimental, which included collecting and collecting plants, making simplicia, making extracts from terap seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus) using 96% ethanol solvent, and for antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method. The presence of antioxidant compounds in plant extracts can cause a change in the color of DPPH from purple to yellow. This color change will indicate antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals and is measured by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was measured using the IC50 value (50% Inhibitory Concentration). From the results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of terap fruit seeds obtained from the Tarakan area showed antioxidant activity. The IC50 value of 197.45 mg/ml indicates that its antioxidant ability is impaired as a weak antioxidant.

Antioxidant is chemical compound that can give one or more electron to free radical which can obstruct free radical reaction. Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) is one of plant which potentially as antioxidant. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant activity of etanol extract of beluntas leaves. Antioxidant activity test was done by using DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazil) method. The dry powder of beluntas’s leaves was macerated by using ethanol. Ethanol extract obtained was tested antioxidant activity to get IC-50 value by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 517 nm. Antioxidant activity test results showed that ethanol extract of beluntas’s leaves had IC50 value of 37,25 ppm. So it had antioxidant activity in strong category.

Mangrove snail (Telescopium telescopium) is one of the marine gastropod and some communities use as foodstuff. The purpose of study was to find out the antioxidant activity by crude extract of mangrove snails (T. telescopium) using DPPH method in different solvents. The method consists of extraction using gradient solvent (chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol), phytochemical test and antioxidant activity test using DPPH method. DPPH test using a series of concentration of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm and 800 ppm with triplicate repetition. IC50 values were determined by calculating the regression analysis % inhibition against the concentration of crude extract. The crude extract of mangrove snails is contained three bioactive components in the form of alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids.The results showed that the IC50 value of chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extract were 47274.00 ppm, 4143.58 ppm and 2329.81 ppm, respectively. The IC50 values of all crude extract have a very weak antioxidant activity (IC50 > 200 ppm), with IC50 of BHT as positive control was 4.91 ppm.

Siamese oranges (Citrus nobilis) are one of Bali's most widely developed citrus fruits, especially in the Kintamani area. Siamese oranges (Citrus nobilis) contain many secondary metabolite compounds as a source of natural antioxidants. In this study, secondary metabolite compounds in plants were obtained through the extraction method. In addition to the extraction method, selecting the type of solvent is one of the main factors affecting the extraction results. Polar solvents tend to produce higher antioxidant activity, which aimed to determine the best polar solvent in producing Kintamani Siamese orange extract peel (Citrus nobilis) with the highest antioxidant activity. The research method used was experiment, where the orange peel was extracted through maceration using three polar solvents: methanol; ethanol; and water. Furthermore, antioxidant activity testing was carried out using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hidrate) method. Data from the analysis of antioxidants in IC50 was compared and classified according to BIOS Classification. The results showed that methanol solvent produced yield and antioxidant activity with the highest IC50. Methanol solvent as a polar solvent could produce Kintamani Siamese orange peel extract (Citrus nobilis) with moderate antioxidant activity according to BIOS classification. Further research is needed to explore other potentials benefit of Kintamani Siamese orange peel waste (Citrus nobilis) as an application of zero waste system.