“Lay down your heart” [bwaga moyo]: heritage as a driver for urban regeneration in the East-African stone town of Bagamoyo

The City Of Zanzibar is well known for the historical Stone Town which is a World Heritage Site since 2000. What is less known about the City is the fact that it consists of two parts, Stone Town and Ng’ambo, of which Ng’ambo is the one that has received far less attention. The two parts of the city have been developing alongside since the mid-19 th century, becoming together the biggest Swahili City in the world by the beginning of the 20 th century. Despite the social and economic differences existing in the two parts of the city they retained, an intimate connection translated into the economic, social and cultural sphere. It is only with the advent of the British dominance, that the two parts started to be perceived as separate entities. Through colonial policies and planning interventions they became segregated and Ng’ambo received a lasting stamp of being a slum in need of upgrading. From the time of the British Protectorate, through the revolution and post-independence modernization projects, Ng’ambo has been a subject to various, not always successful planning initiatives. Despite the turmoil and major upheavals it witnessed Ng’ambo has managed to retain its distinctly Swahili character which has been sustained by the resilience of its inhabitants. This pejorative image of Ng’ambo has lingered over the area for a long time and it is only recently that Ng’ambo has received renewed attention by being designated as the new city centre of the Zanzibar City. The Ng’ambo Tuitakayo (Ng’ambo We Want) project was started in the wake of this renewed attention directed towards Ng’ambo with the aim of developing an inclusive redevelopment plan for the area guided by the principles of UNESCO Historic Urban Landscape recommendation. One of the underlying aims of the project was to revive the historic connection between the two parts of the city. Through this paper it will be argued that the perceived distinction between Stone Town and Ng’ambo is not inherent to the place, but was created through foreign impositions. Through an in-depth study of the morphological development of the area and discussion of the layered urban history of Zanzibar City, the (dis)continuities between the two parts of town will be unravelled. The paper will also unfold the methods explored in the Ng’ambo Tuitakayo project from the beginning until the completion of the final draft of the redevelopment plan and policies.

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

During the last decades, the idea of investing in tourism development through urban sites revitalization has been well practiced. Usually, cultural projects and tourism infrastructure promote urban revitalization. Urban sites may be converted into tourism destinations. They could be small cities or megalopolis, touristic traditional cities or recently promoted tourist sites. The inclusion of cultural venues, leisure centers, business/convention centers, and tourist attractions are main features to evaluate the tourist level of a place. However, natural resources in a destination may offer a sense of place, such as climate, weather conditions, topography, region's vegetation or water affluent. As well, cultural resources such as historical places, ethnic customs, and even local food are sources of attractions. To think about urban tourism, it is necessary to conduct serious research and develop an inventory of assets available in the proposed site. Conservation on historic buildings and built infrastructures could be one of the most ambitious projects. Revitalizing convents and monasteries, castles and palaces, caves, bullfight arenas, and wind mills are only few examples of this tourism trend. Cultural tourism is nowadays on the most rapidly expansion sectors in the industry, becoming a key character for urban, architectural and functional revitalization. This paper aims to present the case of Fundidora Monterrey, a century-old steel factory. It closed in the 1980s, staying abandoned for more than 15 years. Later on, through the initiative of the government as well as the civic and the private sector, the land was recovered and the infrastructure slowly started to be restored. Today, this land hosts a business/convention center, one auditorium, one sports arena, a hotel, a theme park, three museums, a cinema hall, an interactive-scientific steel museum, and many other multi-purpose areas, all of them using part of the original factory infrastructure. Its revitalization provided, at the beginning, a magnificent leisure area for the local community. Suddenly, it became a tourist spot not to be missed by foreign visitors and tourists.

The Plat of Zion and Urban Development in Salt Lake City

The publication, based on the study of biographical and autobiographical information, characterizes the educational, professional artistic, and educational activities of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries. An analysis of the role of artists as active participants in the national, cultural, intellectual, and social life of Ukrainian society is presented. The author has studied not only the artistic heritage of artists, but also their multifaceted activities, which covered educational, journalistic, and organizational spheres. The article highlights theoretical positions on the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, which are illustrated by specific examples of their experience and influence on the state of society and professional and general education in Ukraine in the 19th - 20th centuries. The author touches on the problems of the direction of the high society of the middle 19th - early 20th centuries. on the development of Ukrainian culture and education; highlights biographical and autobiographical information about Ukrainian artists of the 19th - 20th centuries; reveals the role of the educational activities of Ukrainian artists, their influence on the formation of public opinion; focuses on the relationship between artistic activity with educational and pedagogical practice, the organization of art circles, schools, the creation of studios and participation in cultural and educational societies. Their pedagogical work in schools, colleges, and academies contributed to the formation of a galaxy of famous Ukrainian artists who continued the national artistic and educational tradition of their predecessors. The work also highlights the problem of self-identification of Ukrainian artists as educators and public figures, since art is considered a powerful tool for influencing and shaping public opinion, a means of broadcasting the idea of national revival, social and cultural renewal of the state. Artists took the position not only of creators of aesthetic values, but also of leaders of the national idea, founders of an intellectual space capable of uniting society around common ideological values. The publication highlights the need to understand the heritage of Ukrainian artists of the middle 19th and early 20th centuries not only as artists, but also as outstanding figures of education, who contributed to the formation of national identity with their work.

In the urban stock development stage, it is essential to clarify urban regeneration characteristics, market maturity, urban regeneration potential, and development direction of objective cities for enterprises. However, previous studies lack concrete analysis for the urban regeneration system and potential, particularly with respect to quantitative research. This study evaluated the urban regeneration decision making map of the core cities of the Pearl River Delta in China (Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, and Dongguan), including system analysis and potential space evaluation. For the system analysis, through the horizontal comparison of the four target cities' regeneration system based on the sustainability of local policies, it was found that Shenzhen has the highest degree of perfection of urban regeneration system, followed by Guangzhou, Zhuhai, and Dongguan. Especially in the three aspects of protecting public interests, reserving industrial development space, and urban sustainable development, Shenzhen has formulated a series of supporting urban renewal laws and regulations, with the most standardized urban renewal management and the most mature urban renewal market. For the potential space evaluation, the spatial factors affecting urban regeneration potential were selected for the superposition analysis to obtain the distribution and data characteristics of the target cities' regeneration potential with the Analytic Hierarchy Process. It was found that Dongguan has the highest proportion of high potential regeneration land, accounting for 29.4%, while Shenzhen has the lowest proportion of high potential regeneration land. Regarding the four objective cities, it is more difficult to carry out urban regeneration project in Shenzhen and Guangzhou due to complex control conditions and earlier projects’ accomplishment. The system of Zhuhai and Dongguan needs to be further adjusted in practice and there is a relatively more flexible space for these two cities. The current land development intensity in Dongguan far exceeds that in Zhuhai, and the demand for its urban renewal is more urgent. Therefore, this study suggests that Dongguan's urban regeneration market should become the focus of enterprises.

Planning history is sometimes looked down on as a minority interest, tangential to the dynamism and focus of the major issues facing contemporary society and those responsible for its planning. However, the message emerging from the International Planning History Society (IPHS) Fourteenth Biennial Conference held in Istanbul from 12-15 July 2010 is clear: planning history is alive and kicking, vibrant and relevant. For there were no less than ten 'invited papers' and about 325 other submitted papers listed in the conference programme (and these represented a quality control that winnowed down from the 510 abstracts proposed). Not only was IPHS 2010 a large conference, but its theme - 'Urban transformation: controversies, contrasts and challenges' - was both wide-ranging and a challenge to the contributors. Conference participants and Istanbul The different origins of participants in the conference were interesting and reflected the relevance of the subject. No less than 42 countries were represented, although only nine generated participant numbers in double figures. Unsurprisingly, the host country produced the most (115 participants), a reflection not only of the nature and scope of relevant research in Turkey, but of that country's significant efforts in recent years to develop a high-performing, research-driven university sector. There were 51 participants from Brazil, apparently a response to changing funding arrangements; yet the academic profile of Brazil, too, is fast developing and the 2012 IPHS Conference will be held in Sao Paulo. China (3 participants) and India (2) represent places with fascinating planning histories, but whose academics have thus far had less engagement with IPHS and its conferences. Africa as a whole is even more difficult of access. The venue may also have attracted many participants. Accepting Istanbul's bid in its year as European Capital of Culture was a carefully considered decision by the IPHS, and the organisers and sponsors delivered a memorable experience. There was a welcoming evening cruise on the Bosphorus, the conference dinner at a major museum, a special evening opening of a major exhibition of artefacts from across the world relating to Istanbul's 8,000-year heritage held at the Sak?p Sabanc? Museum and tours of the remarkable city centre among other destinations. Lunch in the neighbouring Hyatt Hotel was also quite an experience. The conference programme, papers and sessions The quality of many conference papers was high, although in an event of this size it would be invidious to single out individuals. Nevertheless, it was good to see the number of papers singly or jointly authored by new researchers, among which the IPHS awarded the prize for best paper to Frederick Omolo-Okalebo (KTH, Stockholm) for a paper on Kampala that explored not only an unfamiliar topic, but an underresearched part of the world (at least in planning history terms). Also memorable was the plenary paper by Baykan Gunay (Middle East Technical University) on 'Ankara: duality of the core and the fringe' that was informative and entertaining, bringing the personality and history of the researcher to the fore (many of those attending the presentation conduct research about places and issues closely linked to their own backgrounds, and so it was well received). I spent most time in the 'heritage sites' theme sessions, where Muge Akkar Ercan (Middle East Technical University) gave a salutary reminder that we should consider the sustainability dimension of conservation, which is sometimes problematic in historic housing districts. The conference programme delivered some familiar themes, which included 'planning culture', 'heritage sites', 'planning models', 'public space and landscape', 'emerging concepts under urban transformation', 'public space and landscape', 'the economy and urban development', 'industrial and commercial districts', 'urban form and architecture', 'urban space', 'urban management, strategies policies and tools' and 'social justice'. …

The paper studies the stone staircase design in Russia and Tomsk on the example of the main building of the former Tomsk Imperial University built in 1878-1888, and the building 12 on Gogol Street built in 1908.The relevance of the article is conditioned by the necessity to consider historical staircases when carrying out repair and restoration works on the objects of cultural heritage and historical buildings for the maximum preservation of their authenticity.Purpose: To study the design of stone staircases late in the 19th and early 20th centuries in Russia and Tomsk. The study is based on the analysis of books and manuals on the construction art in 19–20th centuries, allowing to study the types and design of staircases characteristic to that period.Methodology/approach: The article collects and generalizes the material on typical structural solutions of stone staircases in the historical buildings of Tomsk. An integrated approach including the literature review contributes to the goal achievement.Practical implications: The obtained results can be used in repair and restoration of residential and public stone objects of historical buildings in Tomsk.Value: The identification of stone staircase design in the 19–20th centuries in residential and public buildings of the city of Tomsk.

The article is devoted to the architecture typology of historical wooden buildings in cities and rural settlements of the Tobolsk province. The research results can be used for studying related topics in the field of restoration and reconstruction of historical and architectural heritage. The research materials were iconographic data, books, articles and dissertations on the topic. Approaches include the field surveys, measurements and photographs of objects. As a result, the analytical material allows identifying the main types of wooden residential buildings late in the 19th and early 20th centuries in terms of their constructive and space-planning solutions. Definitions are given to the objects at issue, examples of the architectural typology of wooden historical buildings in the Tobolsk province late in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

In the article, the international experience of renovating historical buildings is explored, with an emphasis on historic residential buildings.
 The history of the emergence of the idea of renovating historical buildings abroad is investigated. The concept of organized architecture preservation emerged in Italy and quickly spread to other European countries in the early 19th century. With the growing interest in preserving architectural heritage, new renovation technologies and methods, as well as innovative funding schemes, were developed.
 Financial programs and grants used in Europe and America to finance the restoration of historical buildings are highlighted. In the United States, there are numerous programs that provide financial support for the restoration and preservation of important historical buildings, including federal tax incentive programs for historic preservation, certified local government programs that offer financial assistance for building rehabilitation through state historic preservation offices, the Community Development Block Grant program administered by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and financial assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency for the repair and reconstruction of historic buildings damaged by natural disasters. In Europe, each country has its own program for financing the renovation of historical buildings, for example, in Germany, there is the "Städtebaulicher Denkmalschutz" program, in France, there is "La Fondation du patrimoine," in the UK there is the "Heritage Lottery Fund," and in Sweden, there is the "Riksantikvarieämbetet" program, all of which provide funding for the renovation of historical buildings, including residential ones. Funding under these programs may come in the form of grants, interest-free loans, or tax credits.
 The main methods of renovating historical buildings that are most commonly used in European and American countries have been identified. The method of renovation is determined by the condition of the building, its inclusion in a certain list of landmarks, the legislation of the country in which the renovation is carried out, etc. In particular, the following methods of renovation can be distinguished, which are used in practically all countries: superstructure, construction of new buildings on the site of historical ones, extension, increasing the energy efficiency of the building, renovation of the building, construction of underground parking.

This article examines some key concepts that dominated academic discussion of the likely impact of COVID-19 on informal settlements. The literature identified various factors including, inter alia density, crowding, overcrowding and connectivity, used singly and in various combinations, to inform predictions that COVID-19 would hit informal settlements harder than other urban forms. One proposed solution was for public health and urban planning to resume their partnership of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The article uses a South African informal settlement as a ‘reality check’ for analysing these diagnoses and proposed solutions. By using seroprevalence results from the same informal settlement and its formal surrounds, the article argues that in some cases informal settlements may have provided more protection from infection to residents than nearby (poor) formal areas, in contrast with all expectations.

Egypt is one of the richest countries with monuments and historical sites that hold architectural and cultural value, connect the society with its roots, attract tourists and cultural visitors, and generate national income. Beginning in the early 20th century of Pharaonic monuments and then of Islamic monuments, a movement started in Egypt to conserve historical sites, many buildings were preserved to ensure their survival and protect them from neglect and degradation. The axis of this movement was the Historic Cairo that was founded in the 10 th century and is one of the world's oldest Islamic cities. The city has many Islamic antiquities and historical buildings, it was listed as a world heritage site in 1979 but only in 2010, the Egyptian official bodies in collaboration with the UNESCO have launched the Urban Regeneration Project for Historic Cairo (URHC). The third phase of this project has recently been launched with the aim of successful urban renewal and community development. Before URHC several Experimental projects took place for preservation, restoration, and urban regeneration. After restoration some buildings were reused, the successful adaptive reuse of these historical buildings is one of the key factors for the success of any urban renewal project as it employs the buildings within their urban fabric and local communities, and revive them to produce cultural, economic and historical values. ​​ This paper focuses on the concepts of conservation and adaptive reuse, it analyzes and evaluates selected historical buildings located in historical Cairo that are reused in cultural and economic activities. It also sheds the light on the problems and dangers that threaten these buildings. The paper ends with conclusion and recommendations. Keywords: Conservation, Adaptive Reuse, Historical Cairo

When Preservation Came to the Tax Code Andrew Potts (bio) The 1960s is often described as the era during which American historic preservation "grew up." Many fixtures of our modern system—from the current National Register of Historic Places to Section 4(f)—are products of that era. Formally speaking, tax incentives for historic preservation are not. It was only in 1976 that the first federal incentives were enacted, and the historic tax credit of today is a product of the 1980s. In truth, however, tax incentives (and with them a broader concern for the basic economics of real estate) arose from the same, extraordinary preservation firmament that birthed this "New Preservation." This article provides a brief history of how the preservation movement first came to the tax code and how income tax incentives came to be one of the U.S. government's principal means of encouraging preservation. It is only the beginning chapter, however. To hear more about efforts to preserve the historic tax credits in recent decades, click here. Reacting to Urban Renewal The years following World War II are remembered as the heyday of unconstrained highway building and indiscriminate "slum" clearance; an era in which an astounding portion of the built environment was unceremoniously demolished in the name of urban renewal. Even so, as Elizabeth Mulloy delicately put it in her history of the National Trust, by and large "protest against the urban renewal program was not immediate"1 among organized preservationists. American preservation laws of the early post-War era largely matched the rarefied interests of the movement. Even in the most significant of these—the Historic Sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act of 1935—there was little that could forestall the onslaught of urban renewal projects and interstate highway construction. The federal government had few tools other than public ownership to protect historic resources, and even then its authority was largely limited [End Page 7] to "natural and historic properties determined to be nationally significant;" the great majority of culturally significant properties as we understand them today were simply overlooked.2 In 1963 an international network of preservationists that had helped to restore the globe's monuments devastated by World War II propelled the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to designate 1964 as International Monuments Year, "to develop and improve technical and legal measures for the protection, preservation and restoration of cultural property."3 At home, some Americans were now daring to compare our self-inflicted destruction in the name of urban renewal to the war ravages Europe experienced. President Lyndon Johnson, then in office only several months, pledged his support to the UNESCO effort and declared a companion American Landmarks Celebration with his wife Lady Bird Johnson as the honorary chair.4 The U.S. Department of State asked the National Trust to assume leadership of the celebration. The Trust responded by sponsoring a preparatory conference called the Seminar on Preservation and Restoration.5 Click for larger view View full resolution Few preservation laws were in place to protect culturally significant buildings from the onslaught of urban renewal and interstate highway construction in the 1950s and '60s. PHOTO COURTESY SEATTLE MUNICIPAL ARCHIVES The Williamsburg Seminar Amidst an awakening concern over the weakness of preservation in the face of the destruction wrought by urban renewal and interstate highway building,6 160 preservationists assembled in September 1963 in Williamsburg, Va., to review the status of American preservation and to discuss ways to shape its future. The seminar's report was later published under the title Historic Preservation Today (1966).7 It seems true, as historian Charles Hosmer later noted, that when viewed in hindsight, the Williamsburg Seminar did not fully anticipate the breadth and scope of the "New Preservation" that was [End Page 8] to take shape only a few years later.8 Its report mediates between museum quality restoration and adaptive use and ponders the comparative advantages of "open air" museums versus historic districts. The perpetuation of a "hands off" policy by the government toward preservation was predicted.9 Tax policy is nowhere mentioned. The Williamsburg Seminar did however solidify key concepts that would ultimately prove essential to the conceiving, adopting or...

Residential buildings dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century constitute an important element of the urban composition of many European cities, often determining their overall spatial expression. These buildings often require revitalization and sometimes also reconstruction or extension. Such activities make it possible to restore historical buildings to their former glory, but also to create new architecture, inscribed in the context of the place, yet bearing witness to modern times. Revitalization of historically and architecturally valuable but technically degraded residential buildings is one of the important elements of maintaining and sometimes rebuilding the image of modern cities and their sustainable development. However, revitalization activities require solving many problems of conservational nature, especially issues related to preserving the authenticity of the existing tissue, ways of reconstructing lost elements, and connecting historical architecture with contemporary architecture. Historic residential buildings of Sopot, a city located in Poland on the shores of the Baltic Sea, dating back to the late 19th and early 20th century, provide excellent research material for such considerations. In the article, the historical center of Sopot was examined, with particular emphasis on the historic Willa Halina from 1896 located there, which was revitalized (according to the design of the author of the article). Using such research methods as analysis of historical source material (iconography), observation (operationalization of preserved historical objects), comparative analysis of contemporary investments, and analysis of the revitalization design of “Willa Halina”, an attempt was made to present spatial and technical solutions leading to the desired effects in the revitalization process. This work aims to show (on the example of Willa Halina in Sopot) the author’s method of revitalizing valuable, historical residential buildings, complying with international conservation standards, including the Venice Charter, adopted in 1964 by the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historical Monuments. The paper also aims to present spatial and technical solutions leading to desired effects in the revitalization process, consistent with the idea of sustainable development.

Urban regeneration is often regarded as the process of renewal or redevelopment of spaces and places. Investments in tourism, especially in post-industrial cities/wider regions, are part of nascent regeneration strategies linked to transitioning economic bases. But there is a need to look at tourism and urban regeneration with a particular focus on cultural heritage. Cultural heritage consists of tangible heritage (such as historic buildings) and intangible heritage (such as events). The wider need and impact for such work is because places (destinations) change (regenerate) to keep up with the shifts in demand so to maintain a competitive advantage in an increasingly expanding global economy. Moreover, places need to keep up with the pace of global change or they risk stagnation and decline, especially since increased competition is resulting in increased opportunities and choice for consumers. This book will critically frame these mutually interrelated areas by incorporating interdisciplinary perspectives across a range of international cases to assess and address contemporary approaches by considering the influence of cultural heritage on urban regeneration to create or recreate tourism. The chapters in this book include cases from: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, China, Estonia, India, Japan, Scotland and the United States of America, with one chapter discussing a number of countries in the Southern African Development Community region. The chapters build on a range of theoretical perspectives of space and place to critically evaluate the practice, impacts, legacies and management of tourism within specific contexts pertinent to cultural heritage and urban regeneration.