Laura VAUGHAN, John PEPONIS, Ruth Conroy DALTON (eds), Space Syntax: Selected Papers by Bill Hillier

Architectural documentary film has become one of the primary tools for archiving, recording, and representing the performance and changes in architectural spaces. In the city of Novi Sad, the specially established production house Neoplanta Film adopted? the modernisation of urban space in the second half of the 20th century in the short documentary footage. Through this project, an avant-garde film group of young directors, cinematographers, and screenwriters emerged. The fragmentary digitised archival material from this project records the process of radical urban transformations of the city. This work deals with creating and re-creating new urban narratives that promote the modern history of Novi Sad and redefine its monolithic identity image (Konstantinović & Zeković, 2023-2). By observing the city as a system of different architectural layers and associated urban narratives, architectural documentary film's importance in revitalising forgotten urban narratives, which has been suppressed due to unsatisfactory ideological connotations, is explored. In these processes, whether based on re-editing and re-assembling film archives or creating new film material, the role of architecture and architectural space is crucial for understanding the history, atmosphere, sentiment, and context of new urban stories. The work raises key questions about the conceptualisation of such projects: Is it possible to recreate urban narratives through documentary film? What is the role of architecture and architectural space in this? How are spatial narratives created? Can space preserve memory? Following the two projects of the research group BAZA—a spatial praxis platform—approaches will be presented on how architecture and architectural space become vital embodiments of time and how they can be employed in the storytelling of urban history.

Tang-i-Chakchak complex is located at eastern Fars Province. As one of the biggest religious Sassanid architectural complex, it consists of two main architectural spaces including a Chahartaq or a domical squared space. One of the two main spaces, with a square plan, considered the place of maintenance of the holy fire. Present paper attempts to suggest a plan of the structure of the religious architecture, during Sassanid period, following investigating architectural square space of Tang-i-Chakchak in comparison to similar structural spaces, in order to understand historical and realistic function of the building. Purposefully, it is a fundamental research, with a historical and descriptive-analytical methodology and nature, while data collected bibliographically and following fieldwork. The conclusions present a modern classification of the sanctuaries attributed to Anāhitā during Sassanid period, consisted of two different religious architectural spaces, furthermore, there is an introduction of the square architectural space of Chakchak as a sanctuary that attributed to Anāhitā. Some of the religious spaces relate to Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā the ancient Zoroastrian goddess, and some other structures connect to Anāhitā, with Mesopotamian origin. The architectural spaces indicate various religious attitude for different reason, not a development during Sassanid period. It appears that there was an attempt to diminish the latter, for their non-Zoroastrian origin during late Sassanid phase. Present paper potentially is Important for suggesting a new structure of the sanctuaries of Anāhitā, in addition to revising earlier theories and assigned structure to Anāhitā, which explain various religious attitude within Zoroastrian framework during Late Antiquity of Iranian history.

Mirror-tile artwork is one of the most recent and striking phenomena in Iranian Spiritual Art. Aside from being an aesthetic item for adorning architectural building space, mirrors also exemplify profound cultural ideas. It has been applied in interior design and the decoration of holy and royal buildings with symbolic expressions and enigmatic nature. Initially, it was created using the broken and unused pieces of mirrors as a recycling project. Muslim artisans did not approve of wasting material. They used basic techniques to construct spiritual and effective Iranian-Islamic architectural spaces and ornamentations filled with mystery and marvels. This study is inspired by Giovanni Caputo’s research on the different psychological effects of mirrors, by the mirror phenomenon as an Iranian-Islamic architectural element, and as a psychological effect brought about by architectural components. It attempts to elicit responses from people who have been touched and encountered the phenomenon by asking them to describe their presence and experiences in a mirror-tile decorated environment. The interviews usually focused on two main topics; the first topic is concerned with the participant’s experience quality during their presence in the architectural space; the second is concerned with the way a person interacts with the various elements of the environment. As a result, there are two direct views at the moment of encountering the mirror-tile decorated architectural spaces: the “Close-look” (looking closely at one’s image) and the “Afar-look” (looking from afar, taking in the whole space). Moreover, the light a place and the emotional effects of the architectural built-up space on perception were the most critical factors for participants’ responses to achieve the research’s goal and thus laying the groundwork for future research in these areas.

In architectural and urban space, we are always exposed to multimodal stimuli of visual information and sound fields in various scenes of everyday life. The purpose of this study is to clarify relationship of subjective impression of vision and auditory, and acquire knowledge which contributes to architectural design or acoustic design. In this report, two following experiments are carried out in which subjects are presented with sound fields by real time convolution as auditory stimuli and panoramic VR images of 360 interactive views of interior as visual stimuli. (1) Comparison between subjective responses for single or multi modal presentations of visual and auditory stimuli from various architectural spaces. (2) Comparison between subjective responses for various combinations of multi modal presentations of visual and auditory stimuli from various architectural spaces. Analysis for results of these experiments clarify the influence of visual information upon the subjective impression for sound field and mutual relationship between subjective impression of vision and auditory of interior of buildings. It is already found that visual information significantly effects subjective impression for sound field by experiment 1, and the details of relationship between elements of visual information and parameters of sound field will be clarified by experiment 2.

In architectural and urban space, we are always exposed to multimodal stimuli of visual information and sound fields in various scenes of everyday life. The purpose of this study is to clarify relationship of subjective impression of vision and auditory, and acquire knowledge which contributes to architectural design or acoustic design. In this report, two following experiments are carried out in which subjects are presented with sound fields by real time convolution as auditory stimuli and panoramic VR images of 360 interactive views of interior as visual stimuli. 1.Comparison between subjective responses for single or multi modal presentations of visual and auditory stimuli from various architectural spaces. 2.Comparison between subjective responses for various combinations of multi modal presentations of visual and auditory stimuli from various architectural spaces. Analysis for results of these experiments clarify the influence of visual information upon the subjective impression for sound field and mutual relationship between subjective impression of vision and auditory of interior of buildings. It is already found that visual information significantly effects subjective impression for sound field by experiment 1, and the details of relationship between elements of visual information and parameters of sound field will be clarified by experiment 2.

The Braxton-Shore house has been considered as an exemplar of 'space architecture' – an architecture of 'space forms' which R. M. Schindler believed distinguished his work from contemporary functionalists and internationalists. To achieve such' space architecture', Schindler utilized a proportional system of a space reference frame as a mental tool. This paper first outlines the spatial scheme of the Braxton-Shore house, explains Schindler's space reference frame, and finally interprets the proportional design of the house in analogy with the 'row' system, the Fibonacci and Lucas sequence, and musical ratios.

In residential estate planning, several types of architectural combination space such as surround type, determinant, around the wrong column type and staggered type are commonly used. In this paper, the relationship between them and wind environment are simulated by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) technology. The difference between two kinds of incident angle conditions are analyzed by landscape contrast, as well as the difference between construction plane combination by vertical contrast. General rules of architectural combination space and wind environment are summarized, and it is of significance in guiding the development of ecological energy-saving living environment.

School plays a key role in the development of a person's personality throughout their life. The educational atmosphere largely shapes behavior patterns, especially for children and adolescents. The foundations laid at an early age often become decisive for the further development of the personality. Today, approaches to the educational process have undergone significant changes. The article presents a methodology developed by the authors that allows assessing the quality of architectural spaces of educational institutions by four main parameters. This will allow obtaining an objective picture of the state of educational spaces and making adequate architectural and design decisions at the administrative level. This work is based on an integrated approach to assessing architectural space, developing universal assessment models that allow correlating different-quality characteristics of school subsystems into a single assessment system, which will allow obtaining a quantitative assessment of the state of spatial indicators of educational institutions. Methods for assessing architectural spaces of educational institutions suggest entering a new stage of designing specific schools, eliminating serious consequences of architectural and design errors with large budget losses when implementing poor-quality development scenarios. The priority task of reforming the system of public authority is to create a qualitatively new level of public administration efficiency, including in matters of spatial development of educational institutions and renovation of existing schools. Because of the study, the main criteria and indicators of the quality of the architectural educational space were developed. The matrix of criteria includes such evaluation blocks as safe environmental design; formation of space; inclusiveness; stages of the physical condition of the building. The evaluation criteria were tested and refined in schools of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The results of the project implementation are methodological tools for assessing the quality of architectural spaces of educational institutions, an application for assessing the initial level of quality of architectural space, modeling the architectural planning solution of an educational institution and estimate documentation at the stage of an application for major repairs.

The media formation of architecture and urban spaces is their informative essence, their content and symbolic richness for people. If we consider architecture from the perspective of information transmission, there arises a need to study the influence of its physical and mental characteristics on society. The media formation of Lviv's architectural environment affects the frequency of visits to certain places, people's well-being in urban spaces, and the semiotic significance of the city's architecture for people. Therefore, conducting a sociological study is necessary to analyze the media formation of architecture and urban spaces in Lviv. The research tasks involved identifying the most mediatic objects in Lviv, assessing people's perception of the media formation of various architectural styles at different hierarchical levels, and the type of information conveyed by these objects. It also aimed to determine citizens' attitudes towards changes in the media formation of the city's architectural space by comparing different architectural environments. Additionally, the study sought to understand people's vision of Lviv's architectural mediacy in the future. The research results showed that Lviv's mediacy is characterized by historical diversity, evokes semiotic associations, and influences people's well-being in urban spaces and the popularity of certain locations. Based on the assessment of citizens regarding the media formation of architecture and spaces in Lviv, conclusions have been shown that homogeneous environments, such as historical or contemporary ones, are perceived much better. The combination of diverse architectural styles can lead to confusion and added tension. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the need for a thoughtful approach to designing new architecture within established environments since it has a direct impact on how it is perceived by people.

Urban and architectural spatial changes based on technology-adapted users: A literature review

The aim of this work is to formulate the systematic study of the influence the geo-factors on human within the framework of architectural geonics, which assumes the transdisciplinary of the study. The formation of the system-structural approach in the study of a specific architectural space determines the principles and models for constructing a geosynthetic ally specific medium that can positively influence the psycho-emotional and physical state of a person. The concrete, practical orientation of the architectural specific space is aimed at enhancing the functional capabilities of the human body by means of architectural geonics. This article, in essence, is a generalization of theoretical material for the identification of specificity, as a phenomenological feature of architectural space. The published author’s works, which are referred to in the course of the presentation material, serve as bifurcation representations, suggesting the further structuring of scientific research with an attempt to articulate the essence the phenomenon of specificity of the architectural space.

In this paper, we attempt to compare space syntax with spatial interaction. At one level, these two approaches to urban spatial structure are non-comparable. Space syntax is largely a descriptive technique for visualising spatial relations at the level of connections between places while spatial interaction is a predictive model that forecasts how much travel there will be between places. Space syntax articulates the system in terms of whether or not a physical link, usually at the level of the street, exists while spatial interaction predicts movements between all origins and destinations which are places often anchored in terms of the street network, but which at the level of prediction, assume connections between all places. Space syntax is grounded at a fine spatial scale while spatial interaction defines places as aggregates of activity in larger zones than the scale of the street system. The main output of space syntax is a connectivity matrix of step lengths between streets whereas in spatial interaction, such networks are predetermined, measurable in terms of Euclidean distance or generalised cost of travel, and the output is the volume of travel prior to this being assigned usually to a street network.There is however a fundamental way of relating the implicit network graph of spatial interaction to the explicit planar graph of the street network. We begin by assuming the planar graph of the network is conceived of as a primal problem of spatial interaction while the dual graph linking streets in the planar graph is the graph which is used in space syntax. We exploit this duality and show how we can move easily between spatial interaction as the primal and space syntax as the dual. This is rooted in a more fundamental graph – the bipartite graph which is a list of streets/arcs and their intersections/nodes from which the primal and dual emerge naturally. We explore various accessibility measures and show how they relate and correlate. We then go one step further and consider how various processes of random walking take place in these networks examining the steady states of the primal and dual problems in terms of the likelihood of a random walker visiting any node or street. We thus define primal and dual Markov chains that enable us to generate these probabilities. This provides a basic framework for comparing primal and dual in comparing spatial interaction with space syntax. We illustrate these measures on simple and easy to articulate graphs, extending this to a synthetic network of nearest neighbour links in Greater London based on 699 nodes and 1972 symmetric ‘streets’ between zones. This is a preliminary attack on the problem of linking these two approaches although many challenges remain.

The purpose of the article. Highlighting the innovative principles of the formation of a modern architectural space based on the integrated use of functional, constructive, technological, architectural, and urban aspects in the context of the evolutionary development of society. Methodology. It is based on the integrated use of general scientific research methods: analysis of literary and archival sources, field studies and fixations, analysis of design materials, analysis of the development of the functional structure of the architectural space, a synthesis of previously proposed ideas, and proposals. Scientific novelty. The prospects for the use of innovative technologies for the formation of the architectural space of the future were identified; methodological principles and criteria for the formation of the architectural space of the future are defined; a universal theoretical model for the formation of architectural space is proposed. Conclusions. As a result of the study, innovative concepts for the development of architectural space were identified, methodological principles were formulated, and comprehensive approaches to the formation of architectural space were developed. In addition, according to the results of the research, the following conclusions are formulated: The innovative concepts and principles of the formation of the architectural space, proposed on the basis of a comprehensive study of domestic and world experience, are identified. A universal approach to the development of the architectural space has been identified, which involves the use of a scientific approach to the design of the urban environment with the use of innovative principles. The concept of the formation of the architectural space should reflect the ongoing innovative processes in society. The principles of the formation of the architectural space should be based on social needs, technical capabilities, and aesthetic requirements of society.

This paper aims to discuss the relationship between space and time in architecture. It will explain how the aesthetics in architecture is presented from the perspectives of time and space. The discussion results will be further explained in combination with academic projects.

The interaction of inside and outside space in contemporary architecture is presented. The features of the boundaries between inside and outside spaces and their possible applications in the architectural objects are considered. Interaction of inside and outside space in architecture can be traced in the works of F.L. Wright, R. Pietilya - representatives of organic architecture. In contemporary architecture the problems of symbiosis of the inside and outside space are successfully solve by such world-renowned architectural companies as Guz Architects and T. R. Hamzah Yeang International representatives of green architecture.