Latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction: how much nerve resection is necessary to prevent postoperative muscle twitching?

Abstract

The latissimus dorsi muscle flap represents a valuable option in breast reconstruction but can result in postoperative twitching and retraction, discomfort, arm movement limitations, and breast deformation. These complications can be avoided by denervation of the thoracodorsal nerve; however, the optimal method of nerve management is unknown. This study presents the authors' experience with the outcomes of latissimus dorsi flaps for breast reconstruction in the light of thoracodorsal nerve management strategies. The authors retrospectively collected data from 74 patients who underwent partial or total breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap alone or with an implant between January of 1999 and October of 2011. Follow-up data were collected at 12 and 24 months postoperatively. In 56 patients (75.7 percent), the latissimus dorsi muscle was denervated at the time of surgery, whereas the thoracodorsal nerve remained intact in 18 patients (24.3 percent). No partial or total flap loss was observed. At 12 and 24 months' follow-up, all patients with an intact thoracodorsal nerve showed twitching of the muscle, and 50 percent and 67.9 percent, respectively, of the denervated patients showed twitching (p < 0.001). No patient had twitching if more than 4 cm of nerve was excised at 12 or 24 months postoperatively, and the length of nerve resection was predictive of the presence of twitching. Denervation of the latissimus dorsi is a safe and reliable procedure that should be performed at the time of breast reconstruction and should include more than 4 cm to achieve a nontwitching breast with a stable volume and shape.