Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized phospholipid bilayer vesicles released to the extracellular environment. Exosomes from various tissues or cells are being studied and there has been a growing interest in milk exosomes research due to their emerging role as messengers between cells and the fact that it can be produced in large quantities with rich source of milk. Milk derived exosomes (MDEs) contain lipids, microRNAs, proteins, mRNAs as well as DNA. Studies of exosome cargo have been conducted widely in many research areas, especially exosomal miRNAs. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge in isolation and identification, cargos, functions mainly in intestinal tract and immunity system of MDEs. Its application as drug carriers and diseases biomarker are also discussed. Furthermore, we also consider critical challenges of MDEs application and provide possible directions for future research.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted into the extracellular space by cells
Similar to exosomes isolated from other fluids or tissues, cargos of Milk derived exosomes (MDEs) include lipids, microRNAs, proteins, mRNAs, and DNA [3, 49] (Figure 2)
Many studies including in mouse models or in vitro cell cultures showed that bovine MDEs can enter the cytoplasm by endocytosis and release their miRNA cargos across the basolateral membrane [59]
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted into the extracellular space by cells. Release pathways, size, content, and function, EVs are differentiated into three subtypes, including microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies [1]. Exosomes are nanosized (40–100 nm diameter) phospholipid bilayer vesicles released to the extracellular environment through multivesicular bodies after budding with the plasma membrane [2]. Compared with other extracellular vesicles (EVs), cargos from exosomes are sorted in a regulated, non-random way and play essential roles in cell-to-cell communication [3]. Benefiting from the phospholipid bilayer protection, separated exosomes are stable in terms of size and biological activities when stored frozen (−80◦C) [38]. The aim of this review is to comprehensively summarize and discuss the current research status of milk exosomes including isolation and identification, cargos as well as application in the scientific area. Future research and further application of MDEs is discussed (Figure 1)
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