Abstract
Throughout the last half of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between development and environment has been reconfigured in various ways. At the general level there are currently two antagonistic currents in conflict: the one that promotes sustainable development, and the one that, from the oxymoron development and environment, seeks alternatives to development. This work seeks to apply biophysical indicators to understand the biophysical structure of South America and provide methodologies for new alternatives to development. For this, the biophysical indicators of ecological footprint and water footprint are developed, built within the framework of analysis of material flows of the field of Ecological Economics, which will allow to determine the magnitude and characteristics of the flows of materials and energy that are derived of the productive profile and the pattern of external insertion of South America.
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