Abstract

<p id="d1e57">Contemporary language documentation workflow is a largely digital process. While this has had many benefits for how linguists undertake language documentation projects, it has also lead to a disparity between how the process is conceptualised by academic researchers, and how it is conceptualised by the speakers of endangered languages. In this paper I discuss the nature of this disparity, and illustrate this with my own experience of working with speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages in Nepal. In my own research I have incorporated ongoing discussion regarding digital methods into my working relationships with participants, but other researchers have made digital training a specific feature of their research methodology. I discuss two projects that provide positive models for this kind of digital gap bridging. The first is the Iltyem-iltyem sign website and the second is the Aikuma language documentation phone application. After discussion of these positive developments in digital outreach I discuss some of the challenges that we still face in ensuring that what we do is engaging and relevant for the communities we work with. This discussion is not only relevant for language documentation researchers, but for all who work in the digital humanities, as we need to be more aware of the different needs and levels of digital education of different communities. <p id="d1e59"> L'acheminement du travail de documentation des langues contemporaines est en grande partie un processus numérique. Bien que cela a représenté de nombreux avantages en ce qui concerne la façon dont les linguistes entreprennent les projets de documentation des langues, cela a aussi entraîné une inégalité entre notre compréhension du processus de documentation et la compréhension des locuteurs de langues menacées. Dans cet article, je discute de la nature de cette inégalité, et j'illustre ceci par ma propre expérience de travail avec des locuteurs des langues tibéto-burmanes au Népal. Dans mes propres recherches, j'ai intégré une discussion continue au sujet des méthodes numériques dans mes relations de travail avec les participants, mais pour d'autres chercheurs, la formation numérique est une caractéristique précise de leur méthodologie de recherche. Je discute de deux projets qui offrent un modèle positif afin de combler ces lacunes numériques. Le premier est le site Web des signes Iltyem-iltyem et le deuxième est l'application de téléphonie de documentation du langage Aikuma. Après avoir discuté de ces développements positifs en matière de diffusion numérique, je discute de certains des défis auxquels nous sommes encore confrontés pour nous assurer que ce que nous faisons est stimulant et pertinent pour les collectivités avec lesquelles nous travaillons. Cette discussion est non seulement pertinente pour les chercheurs en documentation des langues, mais pour toutes les personnes qui travaillent dans le domaine des sciences humaines numériques, car nous devons être plus conscients des différents besoins et niveaux en matière d'éducation numérique des collectivités avec lesquelles nous travaillons.

Highlights

  • Evidentiality is a well-attested feature of many languages, with typological work observing that there are many similarities in the categories found in these systems (Willett 1988; Aikhenvald 2004)

  • In this paper I provide a detailed account of the reported speech particle ló in Lamjung Yolmo (Tibeto-Burman), a Tibetic variety spoken in Nepal

  • Data from this study indicate that this is a common feature of Tibeto-Burman languages, but the form and function of these RS particles can vary between languages

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Summary

Introduction

Evidentiality is a well-attested feature of many languages, with typological work observing that there are many similarities in the categories found in these systems (Willett 1988; Aikhenvald 2004). Like many Tibetic languages, Lamjung Yolmo has a set of evidential distinctions that are marked on copula verbs, and related verbal auxiliaries. Tournadre and LaPolla (2014: 241) separate a reported ‘source’ from sensory ‘access’ to information in their treatment of evidentiality This is a useful conceptualisation, as it demonstrates the difference between the kinds of semantics found in the copular verb set and the semantics of the RS particle. The RS particle does not necessarily interact directly with the value of the evidential in the embedded utterance, a study that presents a conversation analysis approach may demonstrate that speakers deliberately preference certain utterances with certain evidential weights to report Such a analysis is outside of the scope of this paper. I introduce the Lamjung Yolmo verb of saying (VoS), to demonstrate the differences with structures using the evidential particle (§3)

Reported speech and evidentiality
Verb of saying in Lamjung Yolmo
The reported speech particle
RS particle constructions
The nature of reported speech events
Conclusion
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