Landscape and landform potential for the development of small-scale wineries: scientific methodology for a geographical definition of specific terroirs. The case study of the rural commune of Hażlach in Poland

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to identify and assess the financial situation of rural communes in Poland depending on the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural economic activity. Design/methodology/approach: The financial situation of rural communes in Poland was identified and assessed depending on the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural economic activity. The empirical material of the article applies to both the whole country and all rural communes in Poland. Numerical data come from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and concerns 2019-2021. The empirical material collected and ordered was developed in a descriptive, tabular, and graphic form, using the comparative analysis method. Furthermore, a point assessment of all diagnostic characteristics was performed that illustrates the financial situation of rural communes in Poland against the background of the entire country for the years 2019-2021. Findings: The analysis of statistical data has confirmed the research hypothesis, which assumes that the financial situation of rural communes in Poland is related to the activity of their inhabitants in undertaking and developing non-agricultural business activity, with it clearly the best in units with high activity of residents in this area. Originality/value: The originality of the work is the original approach to the analysis of the research issues undertaken. For the use of the research, the article combined and uses an original indicator of residents' activity in the development of non-agricultural economic activity in a given local government unit (commune) against the background of the country and other local government units (communes). In addition, the financial situation of the examined local government units was also assessed in the context of the country. The work is addressed primarily to local government officials responsible for public local government finances, as well as for conditions and possibilities and directions of local socioeconomic development of rural communes in Poland. Keywords: financial situation, rural communes in Poland, economic activity of residents, non-agricultural economic activity Category of the paper: research paper.

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify and assess the importance of the activity of natural persons in the development of non-agricultural economic activity for the financial situation of rural communes in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The significance of the activity of individuals in the development of non-agricultural economic activity was identified and evaluated for the financial situation of rural communes in Poland. The empirical material of the article concerns all rural communes in Poland. The numerical data come from the Central Statistical Office Local Data Bank in Warsaw and concern five years, i.e. 2018-2022. The collected and organised empirical material was developed in descriptive, tabular, and graphical form, using the comparative analysis method. For the purposes of the research, the indicator of the level of development of nonagricultural economic activity of individuals in a given local government unit (commune) was used. A point assessment of the financial situation in the studied groups of rural communes was also made against the background of all rural communes in the entire country. Findings: The analysis of the collected statistical data and the point assessment of the financial situation in the examined groups of rural communes against the background of all rural communes in Poland for the years 2018-2022 confirmed the research hypothesis put forward in the article, which assumes that the financial situation of rural communes in Poland is related to the activity of natural persons in the development of non-agricultural economic activity, and it is clearly the best in the group of units with high activity of natural persons in this area. Originality/value: The originality of the article lies in its original approach to the analysis of the research issues. For the purposes of the research, an indicator of the level of development of non-agricultural economic activity of individuals in a given local government unit (municipality) was used, which is a new approach to the research problem undertaken in the article. Additionally, a point evaluation of all diagnostic features illustrating the financial situation in the studied groups of rural communes against the background of all rural communes in Poland for the years 2018-2022. The work is addressed mainly to local government officials responsible for public local government finances, as well as for the conditions, possibilities, and directions of local socioeconomic development of rural communes in Poland.

Every manufacturing system produces toxic by-products that cause a hazardous impact on society and the environment. As a result, pollution control authorities’ role has gained importance for the betterment of society and the preservation of a clean and green environment. As a result, one of the goals of this research is to develop a sustainable smart manufacturing model with less waste and controlled pollution. Here, a flexible production process is discussed under imprecise market conditions with partial backlogging and rework. Two different sustainable production models are presented here by considering pollution control costs. A sustainable production model with variable pollution costs is examined under the influence of three pollution control mechanisms to improve the model’s applicability. A solution methodology, including three critical theorems, is provided to obtain the optimal production rate, length, and total cost per cycle. The paper’s novelty lies in introducing pollution control costs and pollution control mechanisms together in a flexible, sustainable production system with uncertainty. In comparison to the other models, the model with a variable pollution cost appears to be more sustainable as, in this case, there is a 25.5% reduction in the pollution level compared to the other models. Implementing three pollution-controlling strategies, such as pollution cap, pollution cap and trade, and pollution tax, resulted in reductions of 34.37, 0.83, and 0.62% in pollution levels, respectively. A sensitivity analysis of the obtained results is carried out to show the model’s strength and robustness.

One of the most important key issues in the world economy is the issue of sustainable production management and waste control of agricultural products. In this study, considering the economic, social and environmental importance of potato product waste, relying on the concepts and opinions of farmers, experts and experts in this field, an explanation of potato waste reduction management and its sustainable production model has been tried in Bahar city of Hamadan province should be presented. The methodology of this research is qualitative, and in the discussion of the method, the basic theory method is used. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, photos, videos, and documents, and the validity of the research was confirmed by agricultural experts. The highest amount of potato production waste is related to the harvesting and post-harvest stages. Also, the effective factors in the occurrence of potato waste in Bahar city can be listed in six major factors including economic, biological and natural, educational and skill, social, political and technical issues. The basic problems and challenges of potato waste in Bahar include three main categories that affect the economic, social and environmental sectors. The results showed that potato waste reduction management training is the most important common priority in all stages of sustainable potato production, because it leads to diversification of activities, reduction of agricultural risks, creation of new demand, generation of income and growth of industries. transformation and added value and increase of agricultural development opportunities. Two simple and logical models as the main framework for solving the problem, first for the farmers and then for the managers of the organizations, policy makers and planners in different stages of actions before, during cultivation, before harvesting, after harvesting and marketing.

This article aims to recognition and assessment of extent to which the Polish rural communes participate in financing of environmental protection investments. Investments in the natural environment protection are the subject of the article. Special attention of the analysis is focused on the issue of their funding, especially funding from budgets of rural communes, including the territorial division into provinces. Secondary sources of statistical information for 2014 were used in the investigations. Environmental protection investments in Poland are financed from sources that differ in character and performance. Among the sources of funding for environmental protection investments, the most important are own means covering about half of the outlays on fixed assets for the natural environmental protection. Expenses from communes’ budgets are of marginal importance for the structure of environmental protection funding. In 2014, they were shaped at a level similar to the amount of expenditure for this purpose spent from the central budget and the budgets of counties. Rural communes, which constitute 63,8 % of all communes in Poland, finance almost 30 % of expenditure on environmental protection investments carried out by the communes as a whole. Environmental protection is an important objective of local politics. Among the investment priorities of rural communes it is placed after investments in the sphere of agriculture, public security and fire protection. The largest scale of investment expenditure on the environmental protection in 2014 was recorded in the malopolskie and mazowieckie provinces, where rural communes financed almost 15 % of total investment outlays on this purpose spent by all rural communes in Poland. Tangible effects of the realized environmental investments financed from rural communes’ budgets in 2014 in Poland are diversified spatially. For example, considering investments in wastewater management, three provinces (malopolskie, slaskie and mazowieckie) realized investments such as collective sewerage system discharge sewage constituting over one third of the total length of such system built in 2014 in rural areas of Poland total.

The revenues from the agricultural tax only to a small extent contribute to the budgets of communes, and they often constitute the basic source of tax revenues in rural communes. This is the main reason for the worse income situation of rural communes in Poland. Rural communes in Poland are the least independent units and such situation requires the search for effective sources of income for local government units. For many years, there has also been a discussion on the possibility of real taxation of income from agricultural activities. Considering the above, the purpose of this study was to analyze the income equipment of rural communes in the field of agricultural tax in 2011–2017. The analysis of the income structure confirms that in rural communes, the share of agricultural tax in total income is twice as high as the average in Polish communes. However, this is not a factor that makes it possible to increase the financial independence of rural communes.

The article discusses principal issues related to lean production and consumption, providing the author's perspective on the factors and initiatives necessary for their implementation. The paper emphasizes the importance of each stakeholder's role in sustainable development. The agricultural market is analyzed, and general steps for implementing a Sustainable Development Strategy are proposed, including simulations of sales and pricing policies after the introduction of sustainable development aspects. With the world's population growing and resources declining, there is a need to meet increasing demand while also conserving water resources, agricultural land, and promoting environmentally friendly labour practices. To achieve this, countries must adopt innovative approaches to responsible consumption and sustainable production, particularly considering the socio-economic impact of COVID-19. Therefore, it is essential to develop an innovative model of sustainable consumption and production. COVID-19 has become a catalyst for socio-economic change, highlighting the adaptability of countries to change and the necessity for effective restoration and implementation of sustainable production and consumption models. This article explores the management of responsible consumption and sustainable production enterprises in the context of glocalization. It analyses the impact of global trends and local contexts on businesses striving for sustainable development. The article emphasizes the role of leadership, strategic planning, and the implementation of effective management practices in achieving these goals. The authors examine various models and approaches to managing responsible consumption and sustainable production, including concepts of green manufacturing, circular economy, and corporate social responsibility. They consider advanced practices and initiatives in these areas that are already successfully implemented by large and small enterprises. The article also investigates the influence of glocalization on enterprise management. Glocalization is defined as the convergence of global and local factors influencing businesses. It highlights the need for enterprises to adapt their strategies and operations to the specific cultural, social, and environmental contexts in which they operate, while also addressing global challenges related to responsible consumption and sustainable production.

The aim of the research was to identify the functional structure of rural communes in Poland. The functional types were further characterized and spatially delimited. The research drew on 2015 data from the Central Statistical Office database, Local Data Bank and statistical yearbooks: 'Voivodship, subregions, poviats and communes'. Identification of functional types of rural communes in Poland employed a structural approach that classifies an administrative unit according to its prevalent social and economic functions. The optimal number of typological classes was first determined from the dendrogram produced by the Ward's method. Then, the k-means method was employed to perform the actual classification.

Objective: Understand sustainable production and consumption from human needs. Its objectives are: to describe sustainable production from human needs, to explain the relationship between human needs and sustainable consumption Theoretical Framework: Main concepts and theories that support research from human needs and sustainable production and consumption are presented, finding strong relationships with ecological limits and circular economy, providing a solid basis to understand the context of the research. Method: Qualitative, documentary analysis technique and systematic analysis tool of the content of scientific documents according to prism declaration, grouping publications and compiling the most prominent concepts. Results and Discussion: For sustainable production based on human needs: socioeconomic, political and environmental factors, circular economy, sustainable production models and ecological limits; results for the relationship between human needs and sustainable consumption: motivators, patterns and determinants in purchasing behavior, promotion of responsible lifestyles and education for sustainable consumption. Research Implications: Sustainable production and consumption contribute to satisfying the needs of communities from the context and that the consumer and producer must recognize the limits of the planet and satisfiers which allow having a responsible lifestyle and that promote well-being. Originality/Value: Understand that although the need to be satisfied must be clear, it is essential to recognize its satisfaction from the environmental, social, and economic dimension. Its relevance lies in the relationship of elements found in the collected publications to visualize sustainable production and consumption as a strategy aimed at promoting sustainable lifestyles from the consumer's awareness, considering biophysical limits, social justice, and economic sustainability

The aim of this article was to identify and assess the financial situation of naturally valuable rural communes in Poland, set against the background of other rural communes and the entire country. The empirical material of the article concerns the whole of Poland, as well as all its rural communes. The figures concerning the years 2019–2021 were retrieved from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw. The collected and structured empirical material was developed in a descriptive, tabular, and graphic form, using a comparative analysis. Furthermore, all diagnostic characteristics were presented as a score, illustrating the financial situation of naturally valuable rural municipalities in Poland compared to other rural municipalities as well as the entire country for 2019–2021. This was an innovative approach to the discussed research problem. The analysis of statistical data confirmed the research hypothesis that the local governments of naturally valuable rural communes in Poland use the resources of the natural environment and successfully cope with existing difficulties related to the need to protect nature. Thus, they achieve similar economic and financial results to other rural communes in the country.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the spatial diversity of rural communes in Poland from the point of view of their attractiveness for enterprise development. Empirical analyses were preceded with a comprehensive literature review and a study of available diagnostic tools. Based on their earlier experience, the authors decided to apply the conception of the synthetic measure of attractiveness for the purpose of an empirical study conducted with reference to time and space. The source material was selected information regarding rural communes in Poland, obtained from the Central Statistical Office (GUS), Local Data Bank. Empirical verification was based on the synthetic indexes of entrepreneurship (uiP) and rural commune attractiveness uiA. They were constructed using the non-model measure method, which is the arithmetical mean of normalized features. The results are presented in tables and on maps. Research results clearly indicate that the number of economic entities in rural communes has systematically been growing from year to year. A positive, statistically significant correlation of moderate power was found between the indicators. Also, a positive correlation (statistically significant and of moderate power) was found between commune attractiveness and the spatial distribution of the number of economic entities. Moreover, based on the regression model, it was ascertained that the number of economic entities is most strongly determined by factors such as migration balance, housing conditions and the percentage of budget expenditure on investment.

The main tenets of the sustainable food production model are to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of production and to use available resources more efficiently. The sustainable food production model allows companies to adapt their strategies to current challenges and requirements while maintaining long-term production stability and competitiveness. To ensure that sustainable food chain participants implement appropriate practices, research is being conducted to develop new solutions. Among the important issues that are of great interest to researchers is the use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These bacteria play a pivotal role in sustainable food production, encompassing environmental, economic, and social aspects. The following article highlights recent innovations and advancements in LAB applications, contributing to enhanced efficiency and sustainable development of food products. By fermenting food, LAB effectively enhances food safety, prolong shelf life, and augment nutritional values, while simultaneously eliminating or outcompeting foodborne pathogens, thus preventing food poisoning. This article underscores these often-overlooked aspects of LAB, such as the critical role of fermented food in sustaining humanity during challenging times, by providing essential nutrients, and supporting health through its unique preservative and probiotic properties. It also points out the lesser-known applications of these microorganisms, including the degradation of organic waste or biogas and bioplastics production.

The phenomenon of place attachment as a community resilience determinant requires a detailed study and, as such, is not sufficiently explored in the literature. This study analyses both resilience determinants and resilience tools in order to provide local communities with optimum courses of action and decision makers with postulates concerning local development policies. Our goal is to determine the effect of place attachment on the activity of the local community in the process of the reconstruction of a local territorial unit following a crisis (COVID-19 pandemic) situation, as well as determine the symptoms of the crisis exemplified by urban–rural communes in Poland. Empirical research was carried out with regard to all 87 urban–rural communes in Poland with their seat in a small city with district rights. The respondents in the survey included individuals in governance positions: mayor/deputy mayor/secretary. Comparative analyses were performed on the entire group by juxtaposing communes located in peripheral regions (19 units) of the Eastern Poland Macroregion and the remaining communes (68). In light of the empirical research, communes located in Eastern Poland’s peripheral regions were more severely impacted by the COVID-19 crisis than ones situated elsewhere in Poland. In urban–rural communes located in peripheral regions, actions supporting the “ability to absorb” shocks are taken more frequently than those promoting “positive adaptability in anticipation of, or in response to, shocks”. Less frequent were proactive measures of innovative nature, involving “restoration and use” of the existing local resources, e.g., new methods of the use of natural resources by the households or new activities in the creative industry based on individual creativity, skills and talents. An analysis of all units reveals a generally low level of pro-resilience activities of the local communities in the communes investigated in the study except for the application of modern technologies/forms of remote communication. It was demonstrated that, in local communities with a high level of place attachment, activities aimed at building resilience are more frequent. For local governments, the results constitute proof of the importance of place attachment in building community resilience in local development policies. We should highlight the need for activities integrating urban and rural residents in urban–rural communes in order to create a shared space with which they could identify while strengthening bonds, thus raising the level of social capital. It is also necessary to look for ways to use IT, not only for communication processes, but also for managing crisis situations, in parallel with activities aimed at strengthening social capital.

This study aimed to analyze the integration of circular economy concepts with the principles of Islamic economics to formulate a sustainable halal production model. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method was adopted to examine a wide range of scholarly publications related to the circular economy, the halal industry, and maqasid al-shariah to identify opportunities for conceptual integration. The results show that despite the significant potential of the halal industry to adopt circular economy principles, the implementation remained partial and was not systematically integrated within a Shariah-based framework. Based on the synthesis of the literature, this study proposed a conceptual framework, referred to as the Circular Halal Production Model (CHPM). This framework consisted of seven core components, namely normative foundations, halal-circular product design, value-retention-based production, circular halal distribution and logistics, sustainable halal consumption, Shariah-compliant value loops, and value regeneration. The model conceptually connected resource efficiency and waste reduction with the principles of halalan tayyiban and maqasid al-shariah. Accordingly, the study offered a conceptual contribution to the development of Islamic economics literature and showed opportunities for future empirical investigation on sustainable halal production systems.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop and implement a new sustainable apparel design and production model, cradle to cradle apparel design (C2CAD), that provides guidelines for apparel designers and manufacturers to solve some of the sustainability problems related to apparel production.Design/methodology/approachThe C2CAD model was developed by integrating McDonough and Braungart's “cradle to cradle” model into existing apparel design and production models. Knitwear design and production was used to implement the C2CAD model as a proof of concept. The performance and cost of the C2CAD knitwear were evaluated.FindingsThe C2CAD model has four main steps: problem definition and research; sample making; solution development and collaboration; and production. Following the four steps and with an international collaboration similar to current apparel industry practices, “Four‐season sustainability” children's knitwear prototypes were developed. Produced with an acceptable manufacturing cost, the products have good mechanical and color fastness performance.Practical implicationsThe C2CAD model provides practical guidelines for apparel designers and manufacturers and allows them to address all three pillars in sustainable development: economic development, social development, and environmental protection.Originality/valueThe C2CAD is the first apparel design and production model that emphasizes sustainability in addition to functional, expressive, and aesthetic considerations. The production process of “Four‐season sustainability” children's knitwear demonstrated the implementation of C2CAD model in sustainable apparel design and production.