Land-Use Patterns and Supply Chain Relationship in Upper Parana Atlantic Forest.

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of land use changes on trade-offs/synergies of the ecosystem service in Gangu County, Gansu province, China, from 2000 to 2020, and intends to provide a reference for decision-making on regional ecological environment protection and restoration. We analyzed the land use changes in Gangu County with the dynamic degree of single land use. Changes in ecosystem service values (ESV) were analyzed using the equivalent factor method. The temporal and spatial distribution patterns of ecosystem service trade-offs/synergies were elaborated with the help of the correlation coefficient method and local autocorrelation analysis. The impact of land use change on trade-offs/synergies of ecosystem service was analyzed according to the ecological contribution rate of land use changing and the changing of land use area. The results showed that: (1) cultivated land and grassland were the dominant land use types in Gangu County, China; the largest increase in the dynamic degree of single land use was in construction land, followed by grassland, and the largest decrease in the dynamic degree of single land use was in unused land, followed by grassland. (2) Between 2000 and 2020, the ESV showed an upward trend; the regulating service provided the largest part of the ESV among the four first ecosystem service types. The medium ESV zone occupied the largest area, and the spatial distribution pattern of ESV was high in the south and low in the north of Gangu County, China. (3) The relationships of ecosystem services were dominated by synergistic and supplemented by trade-offs. The strongest synergistic relationship was expressed between EP and BP, then, between EP and AL. Meanwhile, the strongest trade-off relationship was carried out between BP and FP. During the 20 years, the relationship of ecosystem service showed a weak shift from mainly synergistic to trade-off temporally. Spatially, the synergistic relationship was dominated and concentrated in the central and southern parts of the study area. (4) The increase in the area of grassland and forest land were the root causes resulting in the increase of ESV in Gangu County. In the time dimension, land use change had the greatest impact on the trade-off synergistic relationship between FP and all other services. In the spatial dimension, land use change has little impact on trade-offs/synergies in the northern region and more in the central and southern regions of Gangu County. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for improving the ecological environment and promoting sustainable development in Gangu County. At the same time, it will lay the foundation for the region to realize a win–win situation between economic development and ecological protection.

Daerah aliran sungai merupakan sebuah ruang yang memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga lingkungan dan kestabilan hidrologi suatu wilayah. Penyebab-penyebab yang kerap terjadi adalah konversi lahan dalam bentuk vegetasi menjadi non vegetasi sehingga menurunkan fungsi idrologi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan penggunaan lahan, kestabilan fungsi hidrologi DAS Air Bengkulu dan arahan pengelolaan DAS Air Bengkulu. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah interpretasi visual citra, perhitungan statistik KRA dan arahan pengelolaan DAS. Berdasarkan hasil analisis perubahan penggunaan lahan pada tahun 2010-2015 terjadi peningkatan luas didominasi lahan permukiman 674.97 ha, perkebunan 606.98 ha dan penurunan dominan pada lahan hutan 1,177.25 ha. Pada periode 2015-2020 peningkatan signifikan pada lahan tegalan/ladang 1,383.09 ha, serta penurunan dominan pada lahan perkebunan dengan luas 1,202.91 ha. Karateristik hidrologi dilihat dari hasil analisis koefisesn regim aliran (KRA), hasil analisis KRA pada tahun 2012 dengan nilai 33.03 kelas rendah, tahun 2015 dengan nilai 25.91 kelas rendah dan tahun 2020 dengan nilai 313.49 kelas sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan skenario penggunaan lahan, kelas rendah pada tahun 2012 dan 2015, termasuk klasifikasi baik sehingga hidrologi DAS berjalan sesuai dengan fungsinya dengan penggunaan lahan dominan perkebunan yang mengalami peningkatan pada tahun 2010 sebesar 62.65 % dan tahun 2015 dengan nilai 63.82%, namun kondisi KRA tahun 2020 tergolong buruk, penggunaan lahan yang menyebabkan nilai KRA sangat tinggi, disebabkan oleh perubahan penggunaan lahan hutan yaitu 19.77% dan perkebunan 61.51% mengalami penurunan luas, sedangkan permukiman, ladang/tegalan, semak belukar, dan tambang meningkat. Berdasarkan analisis keselarasan, kelas KRA, penggunaan lahan dan pola ruang, Skenario RTRW menghasilkan nilai selaras yaitu 65%, transisi 16% dan tidak selaras 19%. Mayoritas penggunaan lahan yang tidak selaras dengan pola ruang adalah berasal dari hutan, pertambangan dan perkebunan. Maka perlu dilakukan pengelolaan DAS Air Bengkulu terhadap lahan yang tidak selaras dengan arahan penggunaan lahan dan konservasi.

利用赣江上游流域1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年5期的TM影像以及2010年的SPOT影像资料，通过目视解译方法及GIS软件的空间叠加分析功能，获取了研究区土地利用覆被变化数据。在此基础上，结合1990-2010年赣江上游流域的统计资料利用灰色关联分析和主成分分析法进行分析，找出引起土地利用变化的主导因素。结果表明：研究区20年来林地和建设用地总量增加，耕地、草地、水域和未利用地总量减少。相同时期不同类型的土地利用变化的驱动因子不相同，不同时期同一类型土地利用变化的驱动因子也不相同。再利用GM（1，1）灰色预测模型预测了2015-2030年间研究区驱动因素和土地利用情况，研究表明主导因素对土地利用变化的影响与1990-2010年间变化趋势一致。;Land use change has become a hot issue on the global climate change research, which includes two aspects: one is the study of land use change process, and the second is the driving factors of land use change. Ganjiang is the greatest river of the Poyang Lake watershed, of which the watershed area accounted for 51.5% of Poyang Lake basin. Ganjiang plays a vital role in the development of social economy of Jiangxi Province. As an important area for water conservation, ecological protection and restoration of Jiangxi Province, the ecological and environmental conditions of Ganjiang upstream are the foundation that the Ganjiang watershed ecosystem depends on existence and development. It is also the premise for ensuring the ecosystem health of the whole Poyang Lake watershed. This study used the TM images of Ganjiang upstream watershed of the year 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 as well as the SPOT image data of 2010, by visual interpretation method and GIS software space, obtaining the land use cover change data of the study area. On this basis, the authors used the methods of grey relational analysis and principal component analysis to analyze the statistics of the Ganjiang upstream watershed between 1990 and 2010, and found the drivers of land use change. Then GM (1, 1) gray prediction model was used to predicate the driving factors and land use change of the study area between 2015 to 2030. The results are as follows. First, from the point of view of single land use dynamic degree, the land use degree of Ganjiang upstream watershed was on the rise from 1990 to 2010. Of the six kinds land-use types, from 1990 to 1995, construction land has the highest single land use dynamic degree, followed by water, woodland has the minimum value. From 1995 to 2000, unused land has the highest single land use dynamic degree, followed by water, woodland has the minimum value. From 2000 to 2010, construction land has the highest single land use dynamic degree, followed by grassland, woodland has the minimum value. From the point of view of comprehensive land use dynamic degree, the comprehensive land use degree of Ganjiang upstream watershed showed a trend to increase in 1990-2010. The extent of land use change of various land-use types has the largest value (10.89‰) between 2000 and 2010. Over the 20 years from 1990 to 2010, the area of agricultural land, grassland, water area and unused land decreased, whereas the area of construction land and forest land increased. Second, the grey relational grade of population, GDP, fixed assets investment, urbanization level, the proportion of secondary industry and tertiary industry proportion is greater than 0.5. This indicates that the six factors are the driving factors of land use change influencing the 16 counties and cities in the Ganjiang upstream watershed. These six factors have different impacts on the various land use change. Third, the driving factors of land use change are different for various land types during the same period and for the same land type in different periods. Finally, over the next 20 years, Ganjiang upstream watershed would have a steady growth in population and urbanization level, thus making the corresponding construction land area constantly increasing, whereas the arable land area continuously decreasing. Construction land area and GDP have synthetic growth trends. The forest area gradually would increase, whereas water and unused land area would slowly decrease.

Land use was the most influential watershed characteristic determining stream chemical concentrations of 23 streams that drained watersheds with different land uses, geologic bedrock, and soil associations in the Missouri Ozark Plateau Province. Streams were investigated from June 1979 through September 1980 and compared to determine relationships among watersheds, stream water chemistry, and algal biomass. Three streams were monitored for each of the following single land use, non-point watersheds--urban, pasture, and forest, the dominant land uses in the Ozarks, to determine how land use affects stream chemical concentrations. Streams draining non-point source, multiple land use watersheds were compared to determine how several land use practices on specific watersheds influence the chemical and algal composition of streams. Streams draining watersheds with urban land use had the highest chemical concentrations, and streams draining forest watersheds the lowest. Streams draining pasture watersheds were intermediate, more closely resembling forest streams in overall salinity, and urban streams in nitrogen and phosphorus. The variables: NO3-N, SO4^=, TP, NA+, Ca++, Cl^-, TN, NO2-N, and KSP were most influenced by land use and distinctly characterized land use by differences in concentration. Significant positive correlations were determined between urban and pasture areas on multiple land use watersheds and concentrations of plant nutrients and salinity in the stream. Human populations and animal units were features of urban and pasture areas that influenced stream chemical concentrations. Stream variable concentrations increase along a continuum in response to increased urban or pasture areas. In contrast, significant negative correlations were found between the forest area on a watershed and concentrations of most measured variables. Algal biomass in these streams was governed by plant nutrients, streamflow, and morphological characteristics of the stream. Benthic algal biomass was governed by various combinations of TP, NO3-N, NH3-N, current velocity, stream length, and stream gradient depending upon season. Planktonic biomass was governed by TP and NH3-N. Significant correlations between benthic algal biomass upstream from a sampling point and average downstream export of planktonic chlorophyll a indicate that planktonic algae are derived from benthic populations on the streambed. Given appropriate conditions, non-point sources and point-sources can have the same effect on stream algal biomass. The influence from non-point sources on watersheds to stream water chemistry and algal biomass can be reduced in complexity and the effects quantified. Prediction of stream chemical concentrations and algal biomass from watershed land use can be used to assess changes in streams that may occur as the result of watershed alterations.

Land use change generally varies greatly among functional zones in a large area. This study reveals land use change characteristics across seven functional zones in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region during 1985–2022 based on the latest land use planning data, with the land use dynamic degree, transfer matrix, and comprehensive index of land use intensity. Results suggested cropland, forest land, grassland, and built-up land were dominant land use types in most functional zones, generally with significant decreases in cropland and grassland and noticeable increases in built-up land and forest land. Besides, single land use dynamics of built-up land and forest land were generally above 2.00% and 0.40%, while that of grassland and cropland was generally below zero in most functional zones. Comprehensive land use dynamics were very high in the Central Core Functional Zone (Region IV), Bashang Plateau Ecological Protection Zone (Region I), and Eastern Coastal Development Zone (Region III), peaking above 0.70%, and were low in other functional zones. Additionally, the land use degree increased slowly from 267.28 in 1985 to 274.17 in 2022 on average, varying remarkably among various functional zones. These findings provide a firm foundation for formulating more targeted land management policies across various functional zones.

In watersheds where land use and land cover changes take place over the modeling period, using a single land use geospatial dataset is not a true representation of the watershed condition. This article describes development of SWAT2009_LUC, a computer-based, geospatial tool that ingests multiple land use/land cover geospatial datasets and other associated information interactively and activates the land use change (LUC) module in the latest release of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT 2009). The geospatial tool was tested in an urbanizing watershed in northwest Arkansas by using three temporal land use geospatial data layers acquired during 1999, 2004, and 2006. The results show that the land use distribution generated by the tool was consistent with the input land use layer for each year and was updated correctly during the model run. Model simulations with and without the activation of the LUC module showed that groundwater was underpredicted by up to 15%, while surface runoff was overpredicted by up to 13% at the subwatershed scale when a single post-development land use layer was used. Overall, the results showed that activating the LUC module using the SWAT2009_LUC tool improves the spatial and temporal hydrological responses from the SWAT 2009 model.

The Amazon and the Atlantic Forest are Brazilian biomes that have undergone intense land use and cover changes, marked by the loss of native forest and the expansion of agriculture and livestock. These are areas with potential use for intensification based on low-carbon technologies, but this change is still taking place slowly. Some factors need to be identified to guide promising solutions for this issue. Aiming at this, this study aimed to identify the land use and land cover in a historical series of 35 years in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest and describe the patterns of sustainable land use by producers who use this technique in the Amazon, identifying their characteristics and perceptions regarding the change developed in the farm. The statistics of the platform from the Annual Mapping Project for Land Use and Land Cover in Brazil (MapBiomas) were used in an annual historical series from 1985 to 2020. The analysis of land use and land cover changes indicates that the native forest of the Amazon was reduced by 44.53 million hectares (Mha), while pastures, agriculture and planted forest increased by 38.10, 6.06 and 0.26 Mha, respectively, over the 35 years. In the Atlantic Forest, for the same period, forest and pasture reduced by 0.99 and 11.53 Mha, respectively, while agriculture expanded by 8.06 Mha and planted forest by 2.99 Mha. Sustainable land use strategies, such as Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest (ICLF) or Agroforestry Systems (AFS), can support increased agricultural production while recovering and preserving the environment. In view of this, we identified in the Amazon, the pattern of land use by farmers who adopt sustainable technologies, considering AFS and managed pasture monoculture (MP). The results were generated through interviews and analysis of qualitative and quantitative research that allowed the evaluation of producers in three states in the Amazon (Mato Grosso, Pará and Rondônia). In general, farmers in the Amazon are still risk averse and mainly implement MP. But when assessing the states in isolation, we realize that the producers in Pará and Rondônia are more approachable when it comes to moving to a diversified system. We did not find many differences in the profile of these producers, but we noticed that pasture adopters always have areas of larger properties and generally develop livestock as their main economic activity. On the other hand, AFS producers have smaller areas of property, conserve more forest and may have agriculture as the main activity of the property. Regional and local fitness, producer tradition and technology transfer can influence the decision of the adopted technology. There are great opportunities to improve agricultural and livestock practices with MP systems and AFS, demonstrated through improvements in farm income, productivity and environment. This evidence can be extrapolated to land use in the Atlantic Forest biome. However, we emphasize the need to consider regional characteristics, socioeconomic conditions and the perspectives of producers in the development of public policies and programs to encourage sustainable agriculture. Keywords: Sustainable Development. Agroforestry System. Crop-Livestock-Forestry Integration. Rural Producer.

A review of sediment and nutrient concentration data from Australia for use in catchment water quality models

사회 변화에 따라 산지이용 수요가 증가하고 다양화되면서 산림을 훼손하고, 타 용도로 활용하는 산지의 면적이 증가하고 있다. 이에 최근 훼손된 산지의 면적을 효과적으로 확인하기 위하여 두 시기의 항공사진을 활용한 훼손산지 변화탐지 기법을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 기법은 객체기반 변화탐지 형식으로, 영상 혼합 - 객체 분할 - 객체 병합 - 노이즈 제거 - 훼손지 추출의 5가지 단계로 진행되었다. 훼손 산지에 적합한 객체생성 수준을 선정하고, 객체를 분할·병합하는 과정을 통해 객체 간의 관계와 각 객체가 지닌 분광 특성 및 정황적(Contextual) 정보를 활용하여 신규 훼손 산지를 추출하였다. 시범 영역 테스트 결과, 전체 판독범위의 12%에 해당하는 훼손 산지를 추출하였고 육안판독 훼손산지의 평균 96%를 포함함으로써, 육안판독 전·후의 보완 자료로서의 가치와 자동추출의 가능성을 확인하였다.

Understanding the dynamics of native forest loss and gain is critical for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, especially in regions experiencing intense forest transformations. We quantified native forest cover dynamics on an annual basis from 1990 to 2017 in Brazil's Atlantic Forest. Despite the relative stability of native forest cover during this period (~28 Mha), the ongoing loss of older native forests, mostly on flatter terrains, have been hidden by the increasing gain of younger native forest cover, mostly on marginal lands for mechanized agriculture. Changes in native forest cover and its spatial distribution increased forest isolation in 36.4% of the landscapes. The clearance of older forests associated with the recut of 27% of younger forests has resulted in a progressive rejuvenation of the native forest cover. We highlight the need to include native forest spatiotemporal dynamics into restoration programs to better estimate their expected benefits and unexpected problems.

As one of the last agricultural frontiers of the humid tropics, Amazonia is the largest area of the world currently undergoing frontier settlement. Although the earliest intrusions of foreign populations into Amazonia date from pre-Hispanic times, the large-scale entrance of peasant colonists into the vast region is a recent phenomenon. Much of this movement represents the spontaneous migration of peoples, but governments in the region have also become increasingly interested in opening up and integrating Amazonia to national and international economies. These actions are frequently seen as potential solutions to a number of national problems, including the need to increase agricultural production, correct spatial imbalances in the distribution of population, exploit frontier lands for reasons of national security, and defuse potentially serious political problems resulting from the existing agrarian structure, landlessness, and unemployment. The upper basin of the Amazon in Ecuador, bordering on the eastern slopes of the Andes, is one such area of frontier settlement. Recent decades have witnessed the rapid conversion of these Amazonian forests to agricultural uses through a series of schemes bearing such labels as land development and colonization. Most forest intervention in the region has come at the hands of colonist farmers attempting to establish land claims along transport routes originally constructed to aid in petroleum exploration and exploitation. These are farmers who formerly have made a living in long-established farmlands and who, for various reasons (population pressures, pervasive poverty, maldistribution of farmland, lack of inputs for intensive cultivation, lack of nonagrarian livelihood opportunities, and generally inadequate rural development) have been increasingly squeezed out of their homelands. A marginal person by virtue of his low socioeconomic and political status, the farmer often perceives

With the thriving development of high spatial resolution sensors, an increasing number of metric and sub-metric resolution remote sensing images are currently available, which allows for accurate geometrical analysis of objects at fine scales. Aimed to reveal the regional difference of coast land use in the Bohai Sea, series remote sensing images of HJ-1ACCD obtained in July of 2013 were employed to monitor land use in 5 km coastal zone of 13 regions around the Bohai Sea. Some evaluation index, such as dominant land use type, land use dominant index and land use intensity index were established to evaluate the regional difference of land use in the coast zone. The result shows: there exist obviously regional differences in coast land use around the Bohai Sea. Some regions such as Huludao and Yantai are typical farmland landscape. Some regions such as Dongying and Panjin are typical reed wetland landscape, While Cangzhou is typical fishpond landscape, Weifang and Binzhou are typical salt pond landscape. Land use in coast of Huludao, Yantai and Weifang are single dominated structure, the dominant land use type are farmland in Huludao and Yantai. It is salt pond in Weifang. Their dominant index is all above 0.34. Land use in coast of Tianjin, Qinhudao and other 8 regions are dual structure. The dominant index of dominant land use type ranged from 0.10 to 0.30. The land use intensity index is biggest in coast of Tianjin and Cangzhou with value 2.15 and 2.12, respectively.

The unregulated logging activities and uncontrolled changes in forest land use have significantly amplified the severity of natural disasters, making them even more destructive. The extensive removal of trees and clearing of land, particularly in mountainous areas, heightens the susceptibility of local communities to the effects of disasters. This study aims to analyse changes in forest land use and forest cover in Baling district, Kedah by utilising GIS technologies. Additionally, it seeks to establish a correlation between these changes and the occurrence of flood disasters in the studied area. The study was conducted utilising the approaches of content analysis and observation. The data utilised is derived from reports documenting changes in forest coverage within the Baling district, obtained through the utilisation of the Global Forest Watch application, spanning the period from 2002 to 2022. Subsequently, these data were compared with the pattern of catastrophic incidents that transpired between 2017 and 2022. The study revealed that the expansion of forest clearance, resulting from the growth of human settlements, agricultural practices, and logging activities, whether authorised or unauthorised, is progressively escalating each year. This phenomenon is contributing to the rise in the number of areas susceptible to flood disasters. It is crucial to raise awareness among citizens and communities about the potential risks of disasters resulting from changes in forest land use. Additionally, it is important to prioritise disaster preparedness measures in order to minimise the impact of damage and losses caused by such catastrophes.

Designating tree crops as forest: Land competition and livelihood effects mediate tree crops impact on natural forest cover in south China

As the debates surrounding the negative influences of flood control using dams or reservoirs on the eco-environment become fierce, non-structural flood control measures like land use change gain more attention. This study researched the effect of integrated and single land use changes on three floods at small, medium and large scales, respectively, in Yongding River basin. A SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was used to simulate the effect of integrated and single land use changes on floods of different scales. The single land uses were set as S1, S2, S3 to represent the agricultural, grass and construction land changes. The results showed that: (1) the integrated land use changes reduced the small flood, the medium flood and the large flood by 14%, 13% and 5%; (2) the land use management functioned most effectively on medium-scale floods and least effectively on large-scale floods; (3) S1 decreased the medium floods optimally by 24% with a 7-day maximum runoff volume as the indicator and by 29% with a 1-day maximum flood discharge; (4) S2 reduced the medium floods optimally by 21% with runoff depth volume as the indicator; (5) S3 increased the medium floods optimally by 15% with a 1-day maximum flood discharge as the indicator.