Land suitability evaluation in the Northern Limestone Mountains of Tuban Regency, East Java for torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Smith) cultivation

Torch ginger ( Etlingera elatior ), a herbaceous plant in the family Zingiberaceae, is commonly cultivated in the tropical climate of southern Thailand. However, its cultivation faces significant challenges from anthracnose, a destructive disease caused by the Colletotrichum genus. This study aimed to identify and characterise Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose on torch ginger. Field surveys were conducted in a major torch ginger‐growing area in Phatthalung Province, southern Thailand, and symptomatic flower samples were collected for pathogen isolation and identification. Fungal isolates were subjected to pathogenicity tests, revealing that five isolates—EeR01.1, EeR01.2, EeR02.1, EeR02.2 and EeW01—caused symptoms similar to those observed in natural infections. The fungi were re‐isolated, and their morphological characteristics matched those of Colletotrichum . Morphological characteristics, coupled with DNA sequences of actin ( act ), calmodulin ( cal ), glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase ( gapdh ), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and β‐tubulin2 ( tub2 ) regions identified five isolates as Colletotrichum atlanticum . Based on the results of this study, this is the first report of torch ginger as a new host of C. atlanticum in Thailand. This research highlights the precise diagnosis of pathogens and the necessity to find effective disease management strategies to control anthracnose on torch ginger production in southern Thailand.

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) contains secondary metabolites that have antibacterial potential. The production of torch ginger extract in Indonesia is still limited. However, market demand increase because pharmaceutical industry is starting to use the torch ginger extract. Furthermore, the growing utilization of torch ginger will enhance the economy of torch ginger farmers. This study aims to compare the extraction efficiency of maceration and soxhletation methods in obtaining bioactive compounds from torch ginger using ethanol, methanol and n-hexane as solvents. The results showed that in the maceration method, ethanol solvent produced the highest yield of 15%, methanol 7% and n-hexane 3%. In soxhletation method, ethanol and methanol solvents produced yields of 15% and 13% respectively, higher than n-hexane only 1%. Overall, soxhletation method with ethanol solvent was the best condition for torch ginger extraction. GC-MS characterization showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as 2-Chloropropionic acid, Boric acid trimethyl ester, Silane dimethoxymethyl and Octadecanoic acid methyl ester which contribute to the antibacterial activity in torch ginger essential oil.

Ethanol extract of torch ginger’s flower (Etlingera elatior) is rich in active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, steroids. Flavonoids are bioactive compounds that serve as antioxidants and antibacterials. This study aims to find the antibacterial activity of solid soap with torch ginger’s flower extract against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This study includes the preparation of simplicia, extracts, moisture content, total ash levels, insoluble acid ash levels, water soluble extract levels. The first evaluation includes organoleptic test, pH, irritation, and stability. The formulation of the tested soap preparations was 5%, 7.5%, 10%. The data analysis was performed with ANOVA. The results of this study revealed that its ethanolic extract had a moderate category of bacterial resistance against S.aureus where in FI (5%) has a clear zone with 7 mm in diameter, FII (7.5%) 8.3 mm and FIII (10%) 10.4 mm.Furthermore,for P.aeruginosa, it has a moderate clear zone with diameter in FI (5%) is 8.86 mm, FII (7.5%) is 9.73 mm, and FIII is 10.6 mm. Torch ginger’s flower ethanolic extract had anantibacterial activity against S.aureus and P.aeruginosa with the widestclear zone is in the FIII (10%, v/v) in the number of 10.4 mm against S.aureus and 10.6 mm against P.aeruginosa with moderate resistance category.

Aims: The main objective of this study is to quantify the genetic variability and relationship among the quantitative traits of the torch ginger germplasm collected across Peninsular Malaysia.
 Study design: Initially, the experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) but there were unequal number of replications due to limited planting materials.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) Research Station, Jerangau, Terengganu, Malaysia on latitude 04°57.704’N and longitude 103°11.007’E. Data on agro-morphological characterization were collected for three years from June 2010 until May 2013.
 Methodology: A total of 57 torch ginger accessions were collected from various wild/ cultivated sources from seven states of Peninsular Malaysia namely Terengganu (19), Perak (15), Kedah (7), Johor (6), Pahang (5), Kelantan (3) and Melaka (2). The collection was planted in 2009 and maintained as living collection. At three months old torch ginger plantlets were transplanted into 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm holes spaced at 100 cm diameter of culvert. The spacing of culvert between rows and within rows were 2 m respectively. Initially, the experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) but there were unequal number of replications due to limited planting materials. Data on agro-morphological characterization were collected for three years from June 2010 until May 2013. All the 57 accessions were characterized according to descriptors list of genera under Zingiberaceae family with some modifications. A total of 6 qualitative and 16 quantitative descriptors were used. The mean values of each quantitative trait data were computed and subjected to statistical analysis to assess the amount of genetic variation using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ANOVA was using PROC GLM of SAS 9.4 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Genotypic coefficients of variation and error variance were estimated using PROC VARCOMP method Type I of SAS 9.4 software. Phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance were calculated. Pearson correlation coefficient was determined using SAS 9.4 for comparing the relationship among the different traits. The morphological traits were analyzed by numerical taxonomic methods via cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which was done using NTSYS-PC Version 2.1. PCA based on 16 quantitative and six qualitative traits was performed to determine the genetic variation in the torch ginger accessions. The cluster and PCA were performed to reveal clustering and grouping pattern of torch ginger accessions. Euclidean distance coefficients were estimated for all pairs of accessions, which was then used to present cluster analysis.
 Results: Analysis of variance indicated that highly significant variation exists among the 57 accessions for most of the traits. The 57 accessions of torch ginger showed high variability for both qualitative and quantitative traits. Among the quantitative traits, the highest CV was observed from number of spikes with the value of 44.25%. The genetic coefficient of variation for 16 morphological traits ranged from 9.76 to 45.86%. Broad sense heritability estimates varied from low to high. Maximum estimates of broad sense heritability were recorded in bract length (80.16%), bud peduncle length (78.74%), number of leaves (75.66%), number of stems per clump (67.99%), inflorescence peduncle length (67.60%) and bud width (65.11%). The genetic advance (GA) in percent of mean was recorded from 11.82 to 67.97%. Besides that, positive correlation coefficient was obtained between some traits. Generally, the genotypes groups were related with morphological characteristics among the accessions.
 Conclusion: Considering the distribution pattern, vegetative and yield performance of accessions, it is suggested that accessions from cluster VII (KAN022, KAN047 and KAN048) should be selected for future breeding program. These accessions possessed the highest peduncle length that could influence the yield in terms of bud size. Furthermore, the classification and divergence between torch ginger accessions analyzed in this study may assist in conserving plant materials both in-situ and ex-situ.

Abstract. Lutfia A, Munir E, Yurnaliza. 2020. Molecular identification of endophytic fungi from torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) antagonist to phytopathogenic fungi. Biodiversitas 21: 2681-2689. Medicinal plants are valuable sources in exploration of endophytic microorganisms. The utilization of culturable endophytes, particularly endophytic fungi in pharmacological aspects has been reported in many literature. Zingiberaceae, being known as one of medicinal plant families, is commonly used in tropical countries, e.g Indonesia to treat health disorders and ailments. However, little information has been reported upon their associative endophytic fungi that may be used as biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi. Efforts to elaborate on the symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungi and host to explain the antifungal ability from endophytes are presented in this study. Six fungal morphotypes were recovered from the rhizome fragment of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Smith) sampled from Sibayak forest, North Sumatra, Indonesia. All isolates displayed potential antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum, Ganoderma boninense, and Rigidoporus lignosus as representative phytopathogens in a dual culture plate assay. All fungal morphotypes were identified based on their 18S rDNA-ITS regions. Molecular identification revealed that most isolates were related to Trichoderma spp. while one isolate was identified as Pestaliotopsis sp. The endophytic assemblage of mostly Trichoderma strains in our study may reveal a mutual relationship of these soil fungi as root colonizer displaying biocontrol properties against phytopathogenic fungi to host.

The torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) is a herbaceous plant the flower of which is commonly used in feed to improve the quality of meat. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of giving commercial feed non-carcass portions of local ducks. The study was conducted at the Poultry Farm of Department of Animal Husbandry Djuanda University, Bogor, from June to August 2016. Twenty four 2-week-old male local ducks were used. Completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replicates was used. The treatments consisted of 100% of commercial ration (R0), commercial ration + 2.5% of TGE solution (R1), commercial ration + 5% of TGE solution (R2), and commercial ration + 7.5% of TGE solution (R3). The feeding trial lasted 6 weeks after which the ducks were slaughtered and carcass weight, dressing percentages and carcass parts were measured. The percentage of non-carcass parts including head, neck, shank, liver, heart, gizzard, feathers, blood and intestines were also measured. No significant effect of treatments (P > 0.05) on all parameters measured were found. It was concluded that the inclusion of TGE solution in commercial ration up to 7.5% did not significantly affect the live weight, weight and percentages of non-carcass parts including blood, feathers, head, neck, shank, liver, gizzard, heart, and intestines.

Indonesia is a country rich in minerals. Limestone is one of the non-metallic mineral industry is very large potential and spread almost throughout the territory of Indonesia. Tuban regency is one of the regencies located on the north coast of Java Island, precisely in East Java. As an area located in the northern part of East Java basin and is possible as a potential area of various mineral resources, one of them is limestone or limestone rock. The potential of limestone in Tuban Regency is very possible to be managed and processed to become an industry. Moreover, there are still many sources of limestone that have not been explored, With technological advances in the field of sensory, calculation of limestone potential estimation can be done by using remote sensing data and geographic information system. Remote sensing data used is Landsat 8 satellite image data reinforced with satellite data data of extremely high resolution Quickbird. This study aims to determine the potential of limestone rock in Tuban Regency. Parameters used for the identification of limestone potential in this study were 4, ie land cover, surface temperature, vegetation index, and geological elements. The result of this research is potential map of limestone of Tuban Regency which is divided into 5 classes namely very low potency, low potency, medium potency, high potential, and very high potential. From data processing resulted in Tuban Regency dominated by medium potency level with wide of 56483.70 hectare while for level of potency tinngi and very high have wide 33074.12 hectare and 31336.82 hectare.

One of the important commodities for the Indonesian people produced from the marine sector is salt. The variety of salting problems has more or less affected the competitiveness of people's salt in each region in Indonesia. This condition clearly affects the welfare of salt farmers, because the selling price of salt received by farmers tends to be low. Tuban Regency is a coastal area that contributes to the achievement of salt production targets in East Java. Geographically, Tuban Regency is in the middle of salt processing areas, namely Surabaya-Gresik and Pati-Rembang, where these areas are also salt producing areas as well. Seeing this phenomenon, this study was conducted to analyze what factors affect the competitiveness of local salt in Tuban Regency. This study used primary data with a total of 90 respondents conducted randomly or random sampling. The analysis tool used is factor analysis. The research location was carried out in the salt production center area in Tuban regency, namely in Palang district and Tambakboyo district. From the results of the analysis, the results were obtained that there were five (5) factors that affect the competitiveness of local salt in Tuban Regency from the most influential to the factors that had the least influence, namely (1) Government Assistance, (2) Supporters, (3) Production Time and Government Regulations, (4) Social, and (5) Production and Post-Production.

Indonesian food production depends highly on Java Island, which holds the most fertile soils in the country but had limited area. The objective of the research was to analyse the availability of suitable land for agriculture in Tuban Regency, an agricultural regency in Java Island. Land suitability was evaluated with spatial multicriteria analysis, integrating soil order, land capability, elevation, slope, slope direction, land use/land cover, accessibility, and climate. Land availability was analysed, integrating the forest area status designation and the spatial pattern of regional official land use plan. The results indicated that suitable land for agriculture corresponds to 91% of the total study area, confirming the high soil fertility. Analysis of land availability then indicated that 18% of the area was both suitable and available for agriculture. Considering the actual land utilization, the future development of agriculture in the region has less than 7% of the land area left for agricultural expansion. The overall results showed the importance of looking for land allocated for agriculture outside Java Island to anticipate the need for food of a country with a high population growth rate and also developing planning for food production.

A research group of Animal Science Faculty of Brawijaya University introduced and implemented Frozen sexed semen Artificial Insemination to 120 beef cattle farmers in Palang Village, Tuban Regency, East Java, from 2017 to 2019. The result of the program reported that the success rate of the technology is quite high, with the birth rate of male claves up to 80%. However, farmers’ adoption rate of the technology was relatively low. This research aims to evaluate factors that affected the adoption rate including the technology, characteristics of respondents, and the extension agents. Primary data were collected through a census of 120 farmers involved in the program and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Secondary data were collected through related documents including reports of the programs, Statistics, and other related documents. This research utilized Quantitative and qualitative analyses. Data of the study indicated that respondents have neutral perceptions of the Frozen Semen Sexing Artificial Insemination. Although male calves relatively have a higher price, more than 50% of respondents did not expect specific sexing for the calves. In-depth interview data revealed that the success of the Artificial insemination technology is more valuable for the farmers rather than the sexing. Characteristics of respondents and the extension agents played significant roles in the adoption rate of the Frozen Sexed Semen Artificial Insemination technology adoption in Palang Village, Tuban Regency, East Java.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, which was discovered in December 2019, impacts all aspects of life, such as health, economy, social, culture, education, and community welfare. Increased unemployment, which results in poverty during the pandemic, can affect children's welfare, such as feeding patterns and nutrition, health, environmental sanitation, and child protection. Before the pandemic, nutritional problems in school children were still relatively high in Indonesia, which is likely to worsen during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding patterns on the nutritional status of elementary school children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tuban Regency, East Java. Methods: The method used is observational analytic with a cross-sectional approach, which uses secondary data, namely reports of weight and height measurements before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and uses primary data, namely the questionnaire instrument. The sampling technique used is Total Sampling. The statistical test of the study used the Wilcoxon Test and Linear Regression. Results: From the results of the Wilcoxon statistical test, it was found that p(sig) 0.996 in the trial of differences in feeding patterns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then the results were obtained from a linear regression test with p(sig) 0.000 to determine the effect of feeding patterns on the nutritional status of elementary school children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The study results showed no differences in the feeding patterns of elementary school children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and the influence of feeding patterns on the nutritional status of elementary school children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Tuban Regency, East Java.

Research has been conducted on the deficit, surplus, percentage of groundwater availability, and classification of Oldeman climate type in Tuban Regency, East Java in 2018-2022 to increase rice crop productivity in Tuban Regency, East Java. This process begins with the collection of data, namely rainfall, air temperature, coordinates and height of rain posts, and soil physical data which is then calculated ETC (Plant Evapotranspiration) rice, deficit, surplus, and ATS using the Thornthwaite and Mather methods. The results of data analysis obtained the smallest deficit value of 0.1 mm which occurred in Medalem in June and the largest deficit occurred in Ngimbang in November of 279.6 mm. The smallest surplus of 0.9 mm occurred in Sumurgung in April and the largest surplus of 313 mm occurred in Jenu in January, with 100% groundwater availability which generally occurs in November-April and 0% ATS which occurs in June-September and Oldeman Climate type in Tuban Regency consecutively C3, D3, D4, and E3.

Background: The development of functional foods has encouraged innovation in traditional Indonesian products so that they provide not only nutritional value but also physiological health benefits. Dawet ayu, a starch-based traditional beverage, has potential to be developed into a functional drink by incorporating natural antioxidant sources, one of which is torch ginger (Etlingera elatior). Aim: This study aimed to develop dawet ayu as a traditional functional beverage with high antioxidant activity through the addition of torch ginger flower powder. Methods: The powder was produced using the foam-mat drying method to preserve bioactive compounds and was then applied in dawet formulations at various concentrations. The analyzed parameters included pH, color (L*, a*, b*), and antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Results: The results showed that the addition of torch ginger powder had no significant effect on the color and pH of dawet ayu, but significantly increased antioxidant activity, with the IC₅₀ value decreasing from 739.3 ppm to 100.2 ppm at the highest concentration. The increase in antioxidant activity was attributed to the phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compounds present in torch ginger. These findings indicate that dawet ayu enriched with torch ginger powder has strong potential as a locally sourced functional beverage with both health and economic benefits. This product can be further developed as a natural-based functional drink.

Trends and multidisciplinary research of torch ginger [Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.]: A systematic review.

The agricultural sector is one of the contributors to greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia. The inventory of greenhouse gases in the agricultural sector is not only carried out on land management, but also in the livestock sub sector. Tuban Regency, East Java Province has great potential to contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector considering that the area of agricultural land and livestock population in this area is very high. This study aims to carry out an inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector and potential mitigation actions in the same sector. The results of the research are expected to provide input for the Tuban Regency Government in designing mitigation actions that are feasible to implement. The greenhouse gas emission inventory is calculated using Tier-1 IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) 2006 guidelines by multiplying activity data with emission factors according to IPCC standards. Activity data used for calculating GHG emission comes from secondary data. Meanwhile, the mitigation options obtained from interviews with representatives of farmer groups in Tuban Regency .The results show that the greenhouse gas emissions of the agricultural sector in Tuban Regency in 2019 is 1,665.67 Gg CO2-eq with details of the agricultural sub-sector of 1,092.50 Gg CO 2 -eq and the livestock sub-sector of 573.17 Gg CO 2 -eq. In the agricultural sub-sector, Plumpang Subdistrict occupies the top position as a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and Tuban Subdistrict is the lowest position. Meanwhile, in the livestock sub-sector, Kerek subdistrict occupies the top position in contributing to GHG emissions and the lowest is in Tuban subdistrict. Through the implementation of balanced fertilization mitigation options and the use of low-emission rice varieties, the GHG emission in Tuban Regency can be reduced by up to 156,43 Gg CO2-eq. Both options are selected by farmers because it is easier and cheaper without relying on others.