La iglesia Santa Clara y la experimentación arquitectónica en el Instituto de Arquitectura UCV, Chile

Free convection heat transfer with surface radiation from infrared suppression system and estimation of cooling time

Though feeble roots were established during the colonial period, higher education in Chile began in earnest when the University of Chile, a public institution, was founded in 1842. For most of its trajectory since, Chilean higher education remained a rather small system. As of 1980, it included two public universities based in Santiago, the capital city, with regional branch campuses throughout the country, three Catholic universities, and three private universities organized by local elites in the provinces.KeywordsHigh EducationHigh Education SystemLocal EliteLoan ProgramDiverse Student BodyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Through examples of the evolution of landscape architecture education in Chile, Argentina and Mexico, this chapter seeks to give a panorama of the state of the art in this region, based on its heterogeneous development. It shows how the discipline itself and the education focus have been quite diverse along the territory from south to north. In this way educational approaches, subjects and contents of landscape programmes and courses vary considerably. The chapter considers how a consistency on the matter is being built relying on communication through IFLA (International Federation of Landscape Architects) and LALI (Latin American Landscape Initiative) and how telematic facilities strengthen the networks in progress. One of the challenges comes from the scarce priority given to landscape architecture education by the public sector. Although cooperative action promotes the establishment of formal educational opportunities prioritizing countries that lack them in the region.

Microwave radiation of water surface carries the important information on different processes and occurrences taking place in water column and associated with the variations in physical and chemical properties of water, its structure and aggregative state. However, the influence of these processes on the microwave radiation of the earth surface is scantily known. Based on laboratory research of dielectric behavior of water-salt solutions, the work shows the expectancy of drastic variation in brightness temperature of highly mineralized lakes the surface of which in the course of drying presents a salt crust 3… 5 cm thick consisting of dry salts Na 2 SO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , MgSO 4 , NaCl, and their crystalline hydrates. It is worth noting that the process of lake drying is rather extended, while its replenishment or the moistening of the salt crust takes a little time and lasts from 3 to 24 hours. In this case the difference of brightness temperature is found in the information from the satellite microwave sounding. The results shows that nonlinear dependence is related to the change in structure and physical properties of an object. In the mass concentration range from freshwater up to saturated solution, the decrease of values, i.e., radiation coefficient varies from 0.36 (typical for freshwater) up to 0.20 (corresponding to saturated solution) is noted. The probable sporadic microwave radiation (registered from the space) may be likely caused by the some natural phenomena. Such sharp changes in brightness temperature of the underlying surface are perceived like powerful outbursts of the microwave radiation.

Current numerical models of façade’s cladding do not account for ventilated air cavity heat resistance. The major problem in assigning its properties is the complexity of the air thermal conductivity coefficient calculation inside a ventilated air cavity. National standards and building codes provide design methods for calculating thermal resistance values for non-ventilated air layers depending on their thickness and location in the structure. The procedure of ventilated air cavity thermal design is not correct when its thermal conductivity coefficient is used as for a non-ventilated interlayer. In order to overcome the lack in the adequate design method, an approach utilizing both the finite element and analytical solutions of the heat exchange equation has been proposed in the present paper. In doing so, the formula derived for calculating the equivalent value of the air thermal conductivity in a ventilated air layer takes into account the heat exchange by radiation as a design value.

The Covid-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted the education sector, forcing institutions to explore alternative teaching methodologies. This research article examines the paradigm shift from traditional classroom-based face-to-face learning to blended learning in architecture education. A questionnaire was designed and administered to collect data from architecture students and educators in India, with a focus on their experiences and perceptions of blended learning. The results of the study indicate a significant rise in the adoption of blended learning in the postCovid-19 period. The respondents reported a favourable attitude towards blended learning, recognizing its potential to enhance learning outcomes and improve flexibility. The findings highlight the advantages of incorporating online platforms, multimedia resources, and virtual collaboration tools into architectural education. The findings indicate a significant increase in usage across various categories, with the highest increases observed in learning management systems, video conferencing platforms, online discussion sessions, live online lectures, online quizzes or assignment platforms, and online jury sessions. The research supports the idea that blended learning offers a promising approach to meet the evolving needs of architecture education in India. The flexibility and adaptability of blended learning methods provide opportunities for students to engage in self-paced learning, access a wide range of learning materials, and collaborate with peers and professionals beyond physical boundaries. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the use of blended learning in architecture education, specifically in the context of India. The findings provide valuable insights for educators and policymakers seeking to integrate technology into the curriculum effectively. By embracing blended learning, architecture institutions can prepare students for the digital era while maintaining the fundamental principles of design education.

An iterative design algorithm is used to adjust the shape of a conducting solid body that is subjected to a surface heat flux and cooled simultaneously by free convection and radiation in order to reduce the overall thermal resistance. Parametric simulations are carried out over a range of domain dimensions and emissivity values to determine the sensitivity of (i) the predicted solid shape and (ii) the overall thermal resistance to the relative strength of convection or radiation. Results show that, for the conditions considered, surface radiation has a significant influence on the predicted optimal solid geometry and overall thermal resistance.

A novel fast and accurate thermal design method for detector arrays

The topological optimization of a conducting solid simultaneously cooled by (i) conduction to a stationary, radiatively nonparticipating fluid and (ii) surface-to-surface radiation exchange is performed to minimize the overall thermal resistance of the solid configuration. A novel dual solid method (DSM) that utilizes concurrent discrete and continuous descriptions of the solid-phase distribution is introduced. Corresponding discrete and continuous solid models are used to (i) quantify the conduction and radiation heat transfer and (ii) power a density-based topology optimization, respectively. The discrete and continuous models of the DSM are linked by sharing information pertaining to the radiation exchange process. The DSM is the first design method to incorporate the effects of surface-to-surface radiation exchange into the topological optimization of a conducting solid. The influence of the relative strengths of conduction and radiation is illustrated by performing parametric simulations involving various domain boundary temperatures and solid-phase thermal conductivities. In general, use of the DSM to account for radiation heat transfer leads to solid shapes with lower overall thermal resistances and reduced complexity, relative to shapes predicted when radiation is neglected. For the problem considered here, the DSM produces solid shapes that have overall thermal resistances up to 25% smaller relative to overall thermal resistances of shapes determined by topology optimization considering conduction processes only.

Wafer baking is a recognized process in food industry, and there is a large worldwide demand to develop wafer baking equipment for the current trends, namely, high-productivity, high quality with lower wastes and lower energy expenditure. This work deals with the thermal design of the heating side of flat wafer baking plates in gas ovens seeking less heat, less baking time and better quality control. The key feature under study is the thermal interaction between the gas flames and the baking plates. Heat flows mostly by thermal radiation to the back of the baking plates which design is under study. Heat then reaches the opposite side where the batter (dough) is duly baked. The flames are modelled as a radiant solid surface with fixed geometry and uniform equivalent mean temperature. Steady, 2-d, heat conduction within the baking plate determines the superficial temperature field of the baking side. All the physics is modelled mathematically and solved in a commercial finite-element software. The method of Constructal Design is employed in order to explore possible designs of the back surface of the baking plates with the goal of providing uniform temperature heating at the baking side. We explored, for instance, the possibility of extended surfaces for a given volume of material. Variable rectangular, trapezoidal and parabolic straight long fins were considered. They varied in number and geometry. Results showed the baking plate with 17 fins provides a better heat distribution and increase of near 20°C from the plate with 3 fins. This means an overall gain of approximately 10%. In sum the new designs provide better heat transfer that in turn decreases the baking time, and it also improves heat distribution that in turn warrants product quality. Furthermore, the new designs provide the same mechanical resistance with less 17% material.

Multilayer thermal insulation module is mainly coated on the outer surface of spacecraft, which can effectively isolate the external cold and low temperature environment, and is an effective method for spacecraft thermal control design. The simulation results of GEO plasma multilayer insulation module show that the charging and discharging process of multilayer insulation module includes two kinds of effects: surface electrification and internal electrification, while the surface charge discharge effect mainly occurs in the Kapton layer of mask material. In this paper, according to the structural characteristics of the typical flexible secondary surface mirror made of thin film materials, the electron gun is employed to simulate the space charge and discharge environment of GEO satellite. The surface charge potential and discharge pulse of the multilayer insulation module are measured by a noncontact surface potentiometer and the electrostatic discharge monitoring device respectively, Key parameters such as the discharge waveform of the multilayer insulation module material are obtained. The results show that the irradiation electron energy is 25 keV, which is suitable for the simulation test of the space charge discharge effect of the multilayer thin film material, The variation of surface charge potential and radiation electron parameters of multilayer insulation module materials was obtained through the test, which provided effective environmental data and design guidance for the space environment applicability analysis and space application of multilayer insulation module materials.

The weather research and forecasting (WRF) model is frequently used to investigate the meteorological field around nuclear installations. The configuration of physical process parameterization schemes in the WRF model has a significant impact on the accuracy of the simulation results. Consequently, carrying out a pre-experiment to quickly obtain the optimal combination of parameterization schemes is essential before conducting meteorological parameter research. To obtain the optimal combination of physical process parameterization schemes from the planetary boundary layer (PBL), land surface (LSF), microphysical (MP), long-wave (LW), and short-wave (SW) radiation processes of the WRF model for simulating the near-surface meteorological variables near a nuclear power plant in Sanshan Town, Fuqing City, Fujian Province, China on 4 June 2019 were observed. Orthogonal experimental design (OED), a comprehensive evaluation method based on the CRiteria Import Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) weight analysis, and comprehensive balance method were employed for the first time to conduct the research. The sensitivity of meteorological variables to physical processes was first discussed. The findings revealed that the PBL scheme configuration had a profound impact on simulating wind fields. Furthermore, the LSF scheme configuration had a significant influence on simulating near-surface temperature and relative humidity, which was much greater than that of other physical processes. In addition, the choice of the radiation scheme had a significant impact on how the temperature was distributed close to the ground and how the wind field was simulated. Furthermore, the configuration of the MP scheme was found to exert a certain influence on the simulation of relative humidity; however, it demonstrated a weak influence on other meteorological variables. Secondly, The MYNN3 scheme for PBL process, the NoahMP scheme for LSF process, the WSM5 scheme for MP process, the RRTMG scheme for LW process, and the Dudhia scheme for SW process are found to be the comprehensive optimal physical process parameterization scheme combination for simulating meteorological variables in the research area selected in this study. As evident from the findings, the use of the OED method to obtain the combinations of the optimal physical process parameterization scheme could successfully reproduce the wind field, temperature, and relative humidity in the current study. Thus, this method appears to be highly reliable and effective for use in the WRF models to explore the optimal combinations of the physical process parameterization scheme, which could provide theoretical support to quickly analyzing accurate meteorological field data for longer periods and contribute to deeply investigating the migration and diffusion behavior of airborne pollutants in the atmosphere.

بیان مساله: آموزش دروس پایه از جمله دروس مقدمات طراحی معماری، جهت آشنایی دانشجویان با مؤلفه‌های طراحی معماری از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است. یکی از کلید واژه‌هایی که دانشجویان معماری می‌بایست در فرآیند طراحی با آن آشنا شوند، کانسپت می‌باشد. در معماری، خلق کانسپت مرحله‌ای است که طی آن، نیازهای فیزیکی، شرایط محیطی و باورها به هم می‌پیوندند و به این ترتیب کانسپت‌ها، بخش مهمی از روند طراحی معماری را شکل می‌دهند. چگونگی انتخاب کانسپت و ایده متناسب با طراحی، از دغدغه‌های اصلی نوآموزان معماری در دروس پایه از جمله درس مقدمات طراحی معماری (2) می‌باشد. با توجه به اینکه دانشجویان معماری، در این درس برای اولین بار با طراحی مفهومی مواجه می‌شوند، نیاز به روش تدریس مناسب و ارائه تمرین‌هایی در جهت آشنایی مرحله-ای دانشجویان با کانسپت و ایده می‌باشد. در این پژوهش به بررسی سلسله‌مراتب طراحی مفهومی در درس مقدمات طراحی معماری (2) و رویکردهای غالب طراحی مفهومی در آثار دانشجویان در این درس پرداخته خواهد شد. سوال تحقیق: 1- سلسله‌مراتب طراحی مفهومی در درس مقدمات طراحی معماری (2) چگونه می‌باشد؟ 2- رویکردهای غالب طراحی مفهومی در آثار دانشجویان در درس مقدمات طراحی معماری (2) چیست؟ اهداف تحقیق: هدف اصلی این پژوهش، واکاوی کانسپت و ایده و چگونگی استفاده از آن‌ها به صورت مقدماتی در طراحی معماری می‌باشد. روش تحقیق: در این پژوهش از دو روش تحقیق کمی و کیفی استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری در این پژوهش، دانشجویان مقدمات طراحی معماری (2) دانشگاه سراسری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی و دانشگاه پیام‌نور ارومیه بوده و گردآوری اطلاعات از طریق مطالعه منابع کتابخانه‌ای و مشاهده آثار دانشجویان و مصاحبه با اساتید و صاحب‌نظران معماری انجام شده است. مهم‌ترین یافته‌ها و نتیجه‌گیری تحقیق: با توجه به مطالعه انجام شده، اولین قدم در شروع به طراحی، مطالعه گسترده در رابطه با موضوع می‌باشد. سپس به استخراج مفاهیم متعدد برگرفته از مطالعات پرداخته و مناسب‌ترین آن را انتخاب و با تولید ایده‌های متنوع مرتبط با مفهوم مورد نظر، مناسب‌ترین آن انتخاب می-شود، سپس مفهوم مورد نظر با استفاده از ایده انتخابی در قالب طرح معماری نمایش داده می‌شود و این نمایش می‌تواند گرایشی، فرم‌گرا، عملکردگرا، تحلیل‌گرا، فضاگرا و یا ترکیبی از این موارد باشد، که نتیجه این فرآیند منجر به شکل‌گیری طراحی پویا خواهد شد که هدف آن خلق آثار دارای معنا و مفهوم و پاسخ‌گویی به نیازهای مسئله می‌باشد.

Digital technology rapidly changes architectural practice in past two decades emerging new complex curved forms. New spatial aesthetics are not always developed in conventional CAD applications intended for architectural design.In this paper various approaches in architectural design education based on motion-based modeling techniques and usage of 3D animation software are discussed. Demands for usage of CGI (computer-generated imagery) software are founded on the assumption that architectural form is not only the manifestation of stationary parameter-driven relational logic, but it also respond to dynamic variables of contextual and socio-economical influences. The aim of the research is to describe, analyze and evaluate some of basic concepts of animation-based modeling techniques as well as their implementation in architectural education.

The training for the profession of an architect or engineer-architect includes in the program of professional education at the propaeutic level, disciplines that inherit the experience of Bauhaus and VKhutemas institutions of the 1920s. Analytical methodology for studying patterns of composition in these schools is based on the prospect of adaptation to changing conditions of socio-cultural and historical development. As part of studying foreign and domestic experience in training architects at a technical university, the features of training of students in architecture are considered, including those from famous Russian and foreign institutions. The paper presents a study of the specifics of architectural and artistic training of an architect at a technical and architectural university, using private methods of architectural design. The objectives of this study are to compare architectural and artistic education in Russian and foreign technical universities; to describe the training method used by UrFU; to justify the relevance and significance of private methods for the educational process in training architects at technical universities. The study is focused on the process of architectural training at a technical university; subject of the research is the justification of the importance of using architectural graphics and modeling techniques as the main teaching tools in architectural education. The process of educational architectural design follows certain techniques and methods. This ensures in architectural and design education activities, both reproductive and productive, the mastery of the following private methods of architectural design by students: graphic, modelling. Research materials present an analysis of the architectural and artistic components in foreign universities and technical universities in our country. Architectural graphics and modeling in these universities are one of the most important pedagogical techniques for developing students' design skills. These techniques allow them to comprehend the patterns of connection between architectural form and engineering design and form an understanding of the tectonic essence of building materials work. The conducted review showed that, when performing graphic and modelling exercises on architectural composition in the 1st–3rd year (frontal, volume, depth-space), familiarization with the methods and tools for forming a composition, creation of plasticity, mastery of the methods for creating volume compositions and their placement in space, as well as mastery of methods and means for organizing open and enclosed spaces using volume and frontal relief elements. This allows for more complex projects at the next stage, such as solving the volume-spatial composition of an ensemble embedded in the environment and forming the planning structure of buildings. The results of the study confirm that the technology of modeling and architectural graphics, which is a component of both artistic and creative and architectural and construction professional components, remains the most intense and most analytical, visual and objective in teaching students in propaedeutic courses (1–3), in the direction of "Architecture", both in art and, most importantly, in a technical university.