La creación de una cartografía administrativa nacional: los mapas provinciales de 1843-1844 en la Nueva Granada

‘Gori-Sei(_??__??__??_)’is a system of local administrative division, enforced from 715 to 739-40 in the Nara era, and it consisted of two administrative divisions: ‘Go(_??_)’and ‘Ri(_??_)’.Up to the present only historians had pursued after this system on their historical methods. So in this paper I tried to scrutinize it on a geographical method in making reference to following primary historical materials: ‘Daizei-Sinkyu-Rekimei-Cho *in Izumo Province(_??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_)’, ‘Daizei-Oi-Shibonin-Cho **in Bicchu Province(_??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??__??_)’(both in A.D. 739), ‘Izumo-no-Kuni-Fudoki ***(_??__??__??__??__??__??_)’(in A.D. 733), etc.Scrutiny is carried out in the below mentioned process:1. Presumption of the Go-areas in consulting documents, present names of places, etc.2. Presumption of the unities of Lebensraume at that time in each Go-areas in availing of materials such as documents, present names of places, topography, river systems, irrigation spheres of each river, remains in the Kofun era, sites of the ‘Shiki-Nai-Sha ****(_??__??__??_)’, etc.3. Comparison between the unities of Lebensraume and Ris in each Go-areas.Treating more than twenty cases on such method, I can clear up the four points.1. In nearly all Go-areas, several unities of Lebensraume are classified into two or three grades for their scales.2. Unities of Lebensraume with nearly same scale to Go-areas are recognized in a certain cases (Type A). On the other hand, there are not a few cases, where each unity of Lebensraum corresponds to the approximately same scale of a Ri (Type B).3. In the case of Type B, especially when the name of place similar to the name of Ri is found in the unity of Lebensraum with approximately same scale to that Ri, (Type B'), there is a fair possibility that the Ri was organized basing on the unity of Lebensraum. Yet even in such cases of Type B and Type B', I can hardly suppose that the Ri was always organized basing on the unity of Lebensraum.4. In such a case as neither in Type B nor Type B', there presents very considerable possibility that the Ri was organized almost indifferently from the unity of Lebensraum in the same Go-area.If the four above-mentioned points constitute nation-wide characteristic of the Gori-Sei at its enforcement, it is possible to develop further inference on the basis of the results which had been already achieved by historians. Although the Gori-Sei came in enforcement so that the government might rule over the ‘Boko(_??__??_)’, it had been unable to meet with the actual state of affairs at that time any more than the prior system, ‘Ri-Sei(_??__??_)’ did. After a quarter of century, on the advent of new political situation, it was simply laid aside and the Go-Sei, a not so complicated system of local administrative division as the Gori-Sei, came close after it and kept on for hundreds of years.* an official document, recorded at each administrative divisions about men, women, and children, who were provided with rice from the provincial government for their old age or some other reasons.** an official document, recorded at each administrative divisions about farmers who borrowed rice from the provincial government and died without repaying.*** ancient topographical document which the Izumo Provincial Government compiled with materials of its own territory after the order of the Central Government.

Discussion of the future of Europe continues to be a marginal political issue, partly because of the resistance of states, on both the practical (bureaucratic) and conceptual levels, created by the government leaders and heads of state. In turn, the nation-states are challenged from within by independent and separatist movements that have laid bare the fundamental hypocrisy of rhetorical discussions of the principle regarding the self-determination of peoples; interfering with states (and their borders) has proven to be a taboo for Europe. The growing flexibility of the globalised economy should be paralleled by a growing flexibility in the conception of the division and political organisation of territory, but this is not the case. Further inflexibility stems from the socio-economic inequity that we accept in our daily lives as normal, in particular as regards inequality in the use and division of territory. Equality, or better egaliberte (equality and liberty), is a sufficiently dynamic and flexible concept to be taken as a point of reference in envisaging the society, Europe, and world of tomorrow. It is only through the concept of egaliberte that we can imagine a Europe based on relations between regions that are conceived and organised on multiple scales and not as region-nations conceived on the basis of ethnicity or in the name of supposed cultural homogeneity.

Local governments were established in Papua New Guinea during the colonial period. By the time of independence in 1975, a new tier of subnational bodies, area authorities, had been created to provide some coordination of local government activities at the administrative district level.1 Following independence, a system of provincial government was introduced, within a unitary constitution. In each of the former administrative districts, renamed provinces, an elected provincial assembly was established, and substantial powers were transferred to the provincial governments, though the national government maintained overriding authority.KeywordsNational GovernmentProvincial GovernmentNational ParliamentArea AuthorityCommunity GovernmentThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Medico-legal death investigation in China has a long history that can be traced back to the Chhin era in the third century BC. We conducted a national study on the current medico-legal death investigation system in China. Our study showed that, at present, medico-legal death investigations in China are conducted by c. 12,000 forensic medical experts mainly within five relatively independent agencies: the police organizations, the prosecutors' offices, the departments/divisions of forensic medicine/science in medical colleges and universities, the Institute of Forensic Science in the Ministry of Justice, and the government or private forensic societies. Owing to China's large population and area, the medico-legal death investigation is largely based on the administrative divisions. There is a wide variation in the scope, extent, and quality of investigations among the agencies and at the different levels of county/district, municipal, and provincial governments. This article gives a general overview of medicolegal death investigation in modern China.

Facing the severe situation of urban sewage treatment in east, west and north areas, through innovating the mode of transformation of development pattern of environment protection industry and intensive operation of sewage treatment engineering and using governmental funds to guide social funds into sewage treatment engineering projects, Guangdong Province has improved the investment and financing conditions of sewage treatment engineering projects, relieved the financial burden of economically underdeveloped areas, solved the inconsistency in separate action of urban sewage treatment projects by administrative divisions. Additionally, the provincial government has replicated, applied and spread advanced patent technologies of independent intellectual property to the whole province fast and at low cost to from network effect, making it possible to effectively solve the long-existing problem of energy saving and emission reduction of economically underdeveloped areas in a short term, realizing the transformation of development pattern, improving industrialized, regulated and intensive development of sewage treatment in economically underdeveloped areas, and realizing fundamental transformation of overall planning of water pollution control.

This article presents a study of the boundaries and organization of spaces in the Termo de Igarassu from 1859 to 1876, in view of the need to understand the structuring of religious and regency divisions on the northern coast of Pernambuco in the nineteenth century. The methods and techniques employed focus on two main procedures: georeferencing processes involving the geometric transformation of maps and chorographic charts produced for the location in the nineteenth century, and the characterization of the spatial behavior of existing occupation centers. It is understood that throughout the second reign the province of Pernambuco and its segmentations were subjected to a series of political and socioeconomic changes, resulting in new territorial divisions and the formation of counties, as well as the rearrangement of housing microstructures, such as towns and villages. Igarassu stands out as an important landmark in the settlement of the captaincy and in the province’s sugarcane cycle, with the physical outline of its boundaries being established within a specific chronological framework, allowing for the visualization of its implications in the spatial and relational organization of settlements. In this way, an archaeological reflection on occupation processes and their impact on the emergence of new places becomes possible.

The paper is regarding the concept of intraregional administrative and territorial division. Deficit of attention from social and economic geography research school (regional branch) to theoretical aspects of administrative zoning led to replacement of administrative and territorial units with municipal entities. Theoretical foundation of research included provisions of regional and institutional economics; interdisciplinary approach was used. Research methods included cartography, zoning, typology and modeling. At the first stage, authors singled out theoretical approaches to defining the concept under research. The second stage was the analysis of administrative and territorial division definition from the position of regional legislation. The terminology was systemized, Russian regions divided into four groups depending on applied theoretical approaches. At the third stage, authors constructed a semantic model for each group of regions. The model included generic components (distinguishing administrative division from other types of zoning), category features (determining the types of administrative zoning), and additional characteristics (referring to principles of territorial division). Semantic model was adjusted for application in regional economy and administration. Generic components of the semantic model (determined and generalized for the first time) allowed formulating a new definition. According to this, administrative and territorial division of a region is legally established territorial division into interrelated subordinated units, on the basis of which territorial organization of governing entities’ activity is carried out. Based on category components, the authors carried out classification of administrative zoning into general and departmental (depending on types of authorities), as well as of classification of levels of government (national, subnational and local). The new definition of administrative and territorial division can provide the basis for forming new strategies for spatial development of regions, as well as for linking sector strategic planning with territorial strategic planning

This article analyses relations between South Africa's national and provincial governments on foreign affairs over the past 20 years. It departs from the premise that the idea of relative autonomy ofsubnational governments, which is embedded in South Africa's 1996 constitution, has remained largely underdeveloped owing to factors such as inherent ambiguities in the constitutional design, a strong centralising ethos on the part of the ruling party and generally weak provincial capacities. Consequently, relations between the national and provincial governments on foreign affairs have been low-key, predominantly focused on technical matters and generally of a top-down nature. Provincial governments have been virtually absent from the foreign policy-making process despite constitutional provisions to that effect. What is more, the article notes that intergovernmental processes intended to coordinate provincial international relations and align them with national development priorities and South Africa's foreign policy have for the most part been ineffective and inefficient.

Pontianak City is the capital city of West Kalimantan Province reaches area coverage of 118.31 km2.This city has multiple functions as the government and economic centrals of the West Kalimantan Province of Indonesia. It is also known as the Equatorial city because it is located on the equator line and by the end of 2023, its population will reach 679.818 people and will become the 26th most populous city in Indonesia. The City of Pontianak located on the equator line with altitude height ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 meters above sea level, and from administrative divisions, Pontianak City consists of several district areas: (a) North Pontianak District, (b) East Pontianak District, (c) South Pontianak District, (d) Southeast Pontianak District, (e) the Pontianak City District, and (f) West Pontianak District, whether from geographical perspective, City of Pontianak is traversed by the longest river in Indonesia, the Kapuas River which has become a life support for the surrounding community. The analytical method applied in this research to study the city image of Pontianak is the triangulation method where it is used to compare information obtained through field observations with theoretical perspectives that have been studied previously. The result found in this article is the City of Pontianak has fulfilled the requirement of 5 elements of city image according to Kevin Lynch’s theory and it has Tugu Khatulistiwa or Equator Monument as a symbol or the icon of Pontianak City.

The politics of mobilization for security in South African townships

City–county consolidation is a common measure used by many cities to promote urbanization. This study develops the theoretical transmission mechanism, “city-county consolidation intensifies competition in the enterprise market improves the earnings management level of enterprises,” to analyze the influence of city–county consolidation on enterprises’ earnings management. An empirical analysis using the difference-in-differences (DID) method was conducted on data of industrial enterprises from 1999 to 2006. The results show that city–county consolidation promotes motivation for the use of enterprises’ earnings management. Second, city–county consolidation significantly intensifies enterprises’ downward earnings management behavior. Third, following city–county consolidation, non-state-owned enterprises are more strongly motivated to implement earnings management than state-owned enterprises. Fourth, city–county consolidation only significantly impacts the earnings management of enterprises affiliated with counties; it does not significantly impact the earnings management of those affiliated with central, provincial, or municipal governments. Therefore, this study provides empirical evidence from the perspective of market competition, which has important reference significance for urbanization development to improve national governance capacity by optimizing administrative divisions.

Stakeholder perspectives on public-private partnership in health service delivery in Sindh province of Pakistan: a qualitative study

The issue of territorial division as a legal issue is one of the key issues in considering the territorial organization of the state. It is one of the most important factors influencing the organization of the state. The process of shaping the territorial division is specific, complex and based on a number of diverse, variable determinants. The determinant of shaping the territorial division is any condition relevant to the territorial structure of the state, reflecting specific needs or values resulting from the specific features of the land. Considering the multiplicity of such premises, the number and variety of these determinants is considerable. The aim of the article is an attempt to identify and systematize these determinants. An attempt will be made to determine the importance of individual determinants on the shape of the territorial division and the relationships between them. On the one hand, these determinants determine the shape of the territorial division, on the other hand, the territorial division influences their formation, change or updating. Therefore, they form a coherent system of mutual response to the needs of shaping the territorial structure of the state.

The socio-productive infrastructure system is the basis of the territorial organization of the economy and population of the country and its regions. The territorial framework of different-level socio-economic systems is formed based on a socio-productive infrastructure. Respectively, the territorial and sectoral development of socio-productive infrastructure of the regions of Kazakhstan determines the level of competitiveness of their territorial socio-economic systems and reflects regional and intra-regional characteristics of the territorial organization of a society.   The aim of the work is to analyze the impact of the main factors, identify the territorial and sectoral location and determine the main priority areas of territorial and sectoral development of the socio-productive infrastructure of the West Kazakhstan region. The article proposes the author's approaches to assessing the territorial and sectoral development of socio-productive infrastructure in the region. The main results of the analysis of the current state of territorial and sectoral development of socio-productive infrastructure of West Kazakhstan region are presented. The main factors of development and their impact on the territorial location of socio-productive facilities have been considered. The features of territorial localization of fixed assets were revealed and the typology of administrative districts of the West Kazakhstan region according to the level of the development of socio-productive infrastructure was carried out. The main priority directions of territorial and sectoral development of socio-productive infrastructure of the West Kazakhstan region were determined and proposed. The conducted research shows that the West Kazakhstan region is characterized by a high indicator of territorial localization of social and industrial infrastructure. In 2019, 96.7% of fixed assets were localized in the territory of Burlinsky district and Uralsk city administration, and 1.1% and 0.7% of infrastructure facilities of the region are located in Baiterek district and Terektinsky district. The remaining 9 administrative districts, which occupy 85.7% of the territory of the West Kazakhstan region, account for only 1.5% of fixed assets. There are also significant differences in the sectoral structure of socio-productive infrastructure of administrative districts. The typology revealed that out of 13 administrative districts the maximum level of development of socio-productive infrastructure is characteristic of 2, high – 2, medium – 3 and low – 6 districts of the region. In this regard, the priorities of territorial and sectoral development of socio-productive infrastructure of West Kazakhstan region should be aimed at developing a network of infrastructure facilities of 9 administrative districts located in the east, south, south-west, west and north (Tashkaly district). The results of the research can be used by state line ministries of the Republic of Kazakhstan and local executive bodies of the West Kazakhstan region in the development of perspective directions of territorial and sectoral development of social and industrial infrastructure of the region.

Based on the research results, the scientific work indicates economic trends and issues in the territorial organization of the economy and population of West Kazakhstan region. Analysis of the spatial development in the economic sphere has shown that there is a territorial localization of the productive forces in the north of West Kazakhstan region. The typology of the West Kazakhstan administrative districts was formed according to their level and pace of socioeconomic and environmental development, from 1997 to 2011, on the basis of rank-scoring methodology. The results of this work demonstrate that the Northern administrative districts of West Kazakhstan region have a relatively high or an average level of social and economic development. A low level of social and economic development characterizes the administrative districts located to the south, west, southwest and southeast of West Kazakhstan region. These spatial differences reveal the current asymmetry in the level of social and economic development of the administrative districts, which determined the need for detecting major priorities in regulation of spatial social and economic development of the region. Thus, we propose the basic priorities for the spatial regulation of social and economic development of West Kazakhstan region within the framework of an effective intra-regional policy. The research results can be used by local government agencies to develop a regional management program for spatial social and economic development of West Kazakhstan region.