La aportación de Josep Lluís Sert a la arquitectura sacra

Chapter 1: Governance and Planning of Mega-City Regions: Diverse Processes and Reconstituted State Spaces Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Part I: Multi-Level Governance and Planning in Europe Chapter 2: The Polycentric Metropolis: a Western European Perspective on Mega-City Regions Sir Peter Hall Chapter 3: Innovations in Governance and Planning: Randstad Cooperation Willem Salet Chapter 4: Strategic Planning and Regional Governance in Europe: Recent Trends and Policy Responses Louis Albrechts Part II: Multi-Polity Governance and Planning in Federacy Chapter 5: Novel Spatial Formats: Megaregions and Global Cities Saskia Sassen Chapter 6: America 2050: Towards a Twenty-first Century National Infrastructure Investment Plan for the United States Robert D. Yaro Chapter 7: Mega-City Regional Cooperation in the United States and Western Europe: A Comparative Perspective Linda McCarthy Chapter 8: Regions of Cities: Metropolitan Governance and Planning in Australia John Abbott Chapter 9: The Upper Spencer Gulf Common Purpose Group: A Model of Intra - Regional Cooperation for Economic Development Jim Harvey and Brian Cheers Part III: State-Led Governance and Planning under Transition Chapter 10: Coordinating the Fragmented Mega-City Regions in China: State Reconstruction and Regional Strategic Planning Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh Chapter 11: Spatial Planning for Urban Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta Chaolin Gu, Taofang Yu, Xiaoming Zhang, Chun Wang, Min Zhang, Cheng Zhang and Lu Chen John Abbott is a practicing metropolitan planner in South East Queensland, Australia. He was previously the Project Coordinator of the SEQ 2001 and SEQ 2021 regional planning projects. He teaches planning theory and metropolitan planning at the University of Queensland. He has analyzed metropolitan planning processes in South East Queensland, Greater Vancouver, and New York using concepts of planning as managing uncertainty. Louis Albrechts is Professor of Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His research interests include strategic spatial planning, sustainable development, and regional design, and he has published widely on these issues. He is the founder and co-editor of European Planning Studies, a corresponding member of the German Academy for Research and Planning, and a member of the Advisory Board of the global Research Network on Human Settlements. Brain Cheers is Research Professor Emeritus of Community Development and former Director of the Center for Rural and Regional Development at the Whyalla Campus of the University of South Australia. He is also Founding Director of the Northern Australia Research Institute and the Center for Social and Welfare Research at James Cook University. He has published four books, and many monographs and papers on rural and regional issues. Lu Chen is PhD candidate in Economic Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Chaolin Gu is Professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published sixteen books and over 260 articles on urban and regional planning, regional economics, and urban geography in China. He is the principal investigator of a number of projects on China's urban and regional development and planning. He is Vice President of the Chinese Geographical Association, and serves on editorial boards of many journals and academic councils. Sir Peter Hall is Bartlett Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College London. He has received the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for distinction in research, and is an honorary member of the Royal Town Planning Institute, which awarded him its Gold Medal in 2003. He holds fourteen honorary doctorates from universities in the UK, Sweden, and Canada. He received the 2005 Balzan Prize for work on the Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Beginning of the 16th Century. He is a Fellow of the British Academy and the European Academy and President of the Town and Country Planning Association. He was knighted in 1998 and in 2003 was named by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Pioneer in the Life of the Nation at a reception in Buckingham Palace. Jim Harvey is Adjunct Professor of the Center for Rural Health and Community Development at the University of South Australia. His most recent publications have been on intra-regional cooperation in urban and regional development. He is currently the Australian Manager of an Australian Aid (AusAid) community development project in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua and New Guinea. Linda McCarthy is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and is also a certified planner. Her research focuses on urban and regional economic development and planning in the United States, Western Europe, and China. Her publications comprise books, book chapters, reports, and articles in peer reviewed journals such as Environment and Planning A, The Professional Geographer, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Journal of Planning Education and Research, and Land Use Policy. Willem Salet is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Amsterdam. He is also the President of the Association of European Schools of Planning. His research specializes in spatial planning and metropolitan governance, urban networks, and decision making in strategic urban projects. He coordinated various research projects on behalf of the European Union, national ministries, the National Scientific Foundation, and other stakeholders in the field of urban studies, and has published widely on regional planning and governance. Saskia Sassen is Robert S.Lynd Professor of Sociology of Department of Sociology and Member of the Committee on Global Thought, at Columbia University. Her most recent books are Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages (Princeton University Press 2006) and A Sociology of Globalization (W.W.Norton 2007). Her books have been translated into sixteen languages. Her comments have appeared in Guardian, New York Times, International Herald Tribune, Newsweek International, and Financial Times, among others. She serves on several editorial boards and is an advisor to several international bodies. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Cities, and chaired the Information Technology and International Cooperation Committee of the Social Science Research Council (USA). Chun Wang is an urban planner in the Master Planning Department at Beijing Tsinghua Urban Planning and Design Institute. Jiang Xu is Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography and Resource Management, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is a specialist in urban and regional issues, and is currently leading research projects in intercity competition and cooperation, as well as urban and regional governance in China. Dr. Xu has published widely on urban and regional development in leading international journals and is co-author with F. Wu and Anthony G.O. Yeh of Urban Development in Post Reform China: State, Market and Space (Routledge 2007). She was the recipient of the 2008 Research Output Prize of the University of Hong Kong. Robert Yaro is President of Regional Plan Association, America's oldest independent metropolitan policy, research, and advocacy group. He is also Professor of Practice in City and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania. He has taught at Harvard University and the University of Massachusetts. He co-chairs the Empire State Transportation Alliance and the Friends of Moynihan Station, and is Vice President of the Forum for Urban Design. He serves on Mayor Bloomberg's Sustainability Advisory Board, which helped prepare PlaNYC 2030, New York City's new long-range sustainability plan. Anthony Yeh is Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is also Chair Professor and Head, Department of Urban Planning and Design, and Director, Center of Urban Studies and Urban Planning, University of Hong Kong. His main areas of specialization are in urban development and planning in Hong Kong and China, and the application ofaGIS in urban and regional planning. At present, he is Secretary-General of the Asian Planning Schools Association and Asia GIS Association. He is on the editorial boards of key international and Chinese journals, and has published over thirty books and monographs, and over 180 academic journal papers and book chapters. He received the 2008 UN-HABITAT Lecture Award for his outstanding and sustained contribution to research, thinking, and practice in the human settlements field. Taofang Yu is Lecturer, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published four books and about fifty articles on urban competition and the mega city-region. Cheng Zhang, is a certified urban planner, and is performing civil service at the Nanjing Urban Planning Bureau. He has published five articles on the mega city-region and the mega-project. Min Zhang is Associate Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Nanjing University. She has published about 30 articles on urbanization, the megalopolis, and the global city-region. Xiaoming Zhang is PhD candidate, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. He has published about six articles on the mega city-region and spatial regionalization.

Sir Peter Geoffrey Hall

City and Regional Planning provides a clearly written and lavishly illustrated overview of the theory and practice of city and regional planning. With material on globalization and the world city system, and with examples from a number of countries, the book has been written to meet the needs of readers worldwide who seek an overview of city and regional planning. Chapters cover the history of cities and city and regional planning, urban design and placemaking, comprehensive plans, planning politics and plan implementation, planning visions, and environmental, transportation, and housing planning. The book pays special attention to diversity, social justice, and collaborative planning. Topics include current practice in resilience, transit-oriented development, complexity in planning, spatial equity, globalization, and advances in planning methods. It is aimed at U.S. graduate and undergraduate city and regional planning, geography, urban design, urban studies, civil engineering, and other students and practitioners. It includes extensive material on current practice in planning for climate change. Each chapter includes a case study, a biography of an important planner, lists of concepts and important people, and a list of books, articles, videos, and other suggestions for further learning.

Wendy A. Kellogg is an Associate Professor of Urban Planning and Environmental Studies. She earned her Ph. D (City and Regional Planning) at Cornell University in 1993. Her major fields of research interest are citizen participation, urban and regional sustainability, neighborhood redevelopment, and Great Lakes water quality and land use issues. She has published analyses of Great Lakes water quality planning programs and citizen participation in neighborhood-based environmental planning. Her research projects have included an environmental history and inventory of a neighborhood in central Cleveland, Ohio, the role of local decision makers in coastal and watershed protection, and the role of training programs in shaping local decision-maker behavior toward coastal management. Dr Kellogg was an Ohio Campus Compact Learn and Serve Fellow in 1998 and a USEPA-funded Fellow at the CSU Program on Risk Analysis in 2000-2001. She currently is a research associate of the Great Lakes Environmental Finance Center at Cleveland State University. Dr Kellogg teaches courses in urban planning, environmental planning, environmental policy, and urban theory. Kathryn Wertheim Hexter, Director of the Levin College ForumProgram since 2000, joined the Maxine Goodman Levin College asa public policy analyst on housing and energy issues in 1989. The Forum brings together the university and the community to address critical public policy issues that impact Northeast Ohio, the state and the nation. She also manages the Thomas F. Campbell, Ph. D Exhibition Gallery that houses exhibits that complement special forum programs. A planner and public policy analyst, Ms Hexter has over 25 years of experience managing and directing projects and evaluating programs in the areas of housing policy, neighborhood development, low-income energy assistance, city and regional planning and civic engagement.

Wendy A. Kellogg is an Associate Professor of Urban Planning and Environmental Studies. She earned her Ph. D (City and Regional Planning) at Cornell University in 1993. Her major fields of research interest are citizen participation, urban and regional sustainability, neighborhood redevelopment, and Great Lakes water quality and land use issues. She has published analyses of Great Lakes water quality planning programs and citizen participation in neighborhood-based environmental planning. Her research projects have included an environmental history and inventory of a neighborhood in central Cleveland, Ohio, the role of local decision makers in coastal and watershed protection, and the role of training programs in shaping local decision-maker behavior toward coastal management. Dr Kellogg was an Ohio Campus Compact Learn and Serve Fellow in 1998 and a USEPA-funded Fellow at the CSU Program on Risk Analysis in 2000-2001. She currently is a research associate of the Great Lakes Environmental Finance Center at Cleveland State University. Dr Kellogg teaches courses in urban planning, environmental planning, environmental policy, and urban theory.
 Kathryn Wertheim Hexter, Director of the Levin College ForumProgram since 2000, joined the Maxine Goodman Levin College asa public policy analyst on housing and energy issues in 1989. The Forum brings together the university and the community to address critical public policy issues that impact Northeast Ohio, the state and the nation. She also manages the Thomas F. Campbell, Ph. D Exhibition Gallery that houses exhibits that complement special forum programs. A planner and public policy analyst, Ms Hexter has over 25 years of experience managing and directing projects and evaluating programs in the areas of housing policy, neighborhood development, low-income energy assistance, city and regional planning and civic engagement.

Professor lan McHarg was a visiting scholar during the 1986-87 academic year in the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of California at Berkeley. The Berkeley Planning Journal took this opportunity to interview Prof. McHarg on the subject of city and regional planning. Prof. McHarg is a Profesos r of Landscape Archi­ tecture and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsyl­ vania, also engaged in private practice, and the author of Design With Nature. The interview was conducted on April 20, 1987, by Cliff Ellis, a doctoral student in city and regional planning at Berkeley and editor of the Berkeley Planning Journal.

The practice of urban and regional planning cannot be separated from the legal and administrative aspects of development. The legal aspect determines basic matters such as the legal basis that mandates a planning activity, the rules of how and by whom planning is carried out or the administrative process, how the legality of a plan product, and its law enforcement. Healey (1997) asserts that the planning system can be defined as a system of laws and procedures that establish the basic rules of planning practice. The development of the type of planning adopted or being carried out also affects the formulation of the legal basis of planning activities. Aspects of development administration, which are closely related to bureaucracy, determine the effectiveness and efficiency of urban and regional planning activities. Even more than that, development administration greatly influences the operationalization and successful implementation of a plan. So there is an interactive relationship between law and development administration, as well as between law and development administration with regional and city planning.

During the current academic year, the City and Regional Planning Department graduate Community Planning Studio is engaged in important community-outreach that will make a difference in King City CA. Nuworsoo and Topping, the class instructors, resume the studio's pedagogy and do a brief discussion of the process and progress of this year's work in King City. In next year's issue, FOCUS will publish the final results of this important studio.

Logistics in transport considers the physical structure of a city as given and tries to optimize the performance of companies or the transportation system within the given conditions. On the other side, companies choose their location under the given conditions and the expected changes and influence the structure of the city and its economy in a continuous way. City and transport planning methods have not considered these effects in their work so far and are therefore influenced by the driving forces of the economy of scale and demand oriented traffic growth. The introduction of principles of logistics into the early stages of land use and city planning would change the “given conditions” and open the path for a more sustainable development, with more pressure for innovation and fairness in the market.

City planning is an established activity, field of knowledge, and profession. Except for river basin development and specific functional programs, regional planning is presently limited as an organized endeavor. Civil engineers will continue their roles relating to the design and construction of certain physical facilities; but greater knowledge of the dynamics of urban-regional organisms and subsystem analysis will be necessary for effective participation as the scope of planning broadens and deepens. The current focus is on comprehensive planning which analyzes and projects all major elements in shaping the city or region in accordance with trends and objectives. This calls for improved techniques of synthesizing disparate interdependent variables, projecting into the future, formulating sound subjective judgments, and systems design. Together with other engineers and professions, the civil engineer is a potential candidate for directorial positions in comprehensive or master planning; these require graduate education in city or regional planning, or acquiring equivalent knowledge through university extension, self-education, or expanded civil engineering curricula.

This article argues that the integration of art and planning has been inadequately developed, and calls for a renewed exploration of their inter‐connection. City planning has had a variable relationship with art, moving between organic, civic minded ideals, and despotic notions of grandeur. Yet, rather than eschewing this history as nostalgic or irrelevant, there are ways in which a connection can be made between planning and art—if art is defined in a particular way. To accomplish this, it is necessary to first recognize that in the history of the human attempt to design cities, the loss of a connection between city planning and art is relatively recent. It is argued that the lost connection is in part a result of a rejection of modernist notions of urbanism. Spanning the history of city planning and city making, the notion of planning as art was in evidence until the mid‐20th century, about the time when modernist spatial ideas took hold. It is argued that divorcing all notions of art from city planning practice and theoretical development has been detrimental to the profession. The relevance of art to city planning needs to be reinvigorated, but this will require new ways of thinking, an acceptance of traditionalism broadly defined, and may entail new conceptions about the merger of planning with recent cultural and even scientific theory.

Y city and regional planning we seek to control the design and arrangement of the city for convenience, safety, and maximum possible satisfactory living conditions. Three levels of planning are involved: the city or region, the neighborhood, and the relationships of individual structures. There are public health implications in planning at each of these levels. There is need for open spaces to break up excessive continuity of building masses. There is need for open spaces for recreation, both active and passive. There is need for orderly arrangement to reduce fatigue caused by undue loss of time in travel between home and work, to reduce congestion and confusion in transportation, and to reduce accident hazards. There is need for good neighborhood environment with freedom from the noises, odors, and traffic of commerce and industry, and with opportunity for recreation for different age groups and for normal community life. There is need for sufficient open space between buildings to permit adequate lightand air to encourage rest and normal family life. These are city and regional planning matters because they cannot be secured and permanently preserved by the individual at any cost. They are inadequately provided for in cities today because of haphazard growth prior to the advent of city and regional plan-

Vagiona, D.: Environmental planning and management of cities and regions – editorial European Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5–6 © 2016 Charles University in Prague. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF CITIES AND REGIONS – EDITORIAL

Architecture is a discipline which creates healthy, livable and aesthetic spaces for the users using the opportunities of the natural environment to satisfy the needs and desires of the users within specific criterion. As well as the architecture is closely related with art and technology, it has also interaction with other design based disciplines such as city and regional planning, engineering, interior design, landscape architecture, painting and sculpture. This interaction makes architecture technical and objective with familiarity to science also makes it relative and subjective with familiarity to art. In this respect, architectural education and tools and methods used become important. As it is the case in other design based disciplines, importance of theoretical and applied studio (design) courses which bring the student design capability and creativity in architectural education is so remarkable. Studio courses in architectural education are executed in master-apprentice relations with criticizing the end product of the student in the class. The most important facts that prepare the student for the profession and design process are the basic studio courses which basic design and space concepts are given. In this article, first year education and basic design studio courses which are important in the architectural education are criticized and proposals are recommended to develop architectural education programs and make them more flexible and creative parallel to emergent conditions.

The purpose of the article is to analyse the main stages and features of the integration of the latest technologies and fine arts. The research methodology involved the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematisation, among others) and special methods and approaches integrated from art history, history, information technology, media studies, and other sciences. Such interdisciplinarity allowed for a comprehensive exploration of the relationship between visual arts, technology, and digital media. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to briefly present the main stages and features of the integration of the latest technologies and fine arts. Conclusions. Technological innovations have always helped artists realise various ideas, express themselves through new forms of art. This contributed to its further improvement, giving rise to the introduction of new technological tools in accordance with the requirements of the environment, which will continue to dynamically transform. Having gone through various stages, the integration of art with information technologies, especially visual ones, is currently reaching its culmination with digital mass media. Currently, digital technologies are so intensively and widely penetrating the fine arts that in the end they actually disappear, dissolve, and a diffuse technological-artistic environment is formed, mainly represented by media art. The latest technologies that not only change the ways of creating works of art, but also expand the boundaries of the idea of how they should look and spread, opening up new opportunities for artists in the implementation of artistic ideas, include: interactivity and immersion, artificial intelligence, digital media and software for drawing, 3D modelling and rendering, digital editing and correction processes, virtual and augmented reality, mobile apps for artists, and more.