La Abadía de Santa María de Burgohondo (Siglos XI-XVI)

Wounds and wartime surgery in the West during the Middle-Ages ; The study of war wounds in the Middle Ages drawn from the accounts of the chroniclers and from chivalric novels suggests that about 50 per cent of wounds affected the head or neck, those to the limbs and the chest coming in second and third place, in about equal proportions. Medical surgery was carried out in Byzantine armies from the VIth century onwards, but the great Greek surgeons disappeared in about the XIth century. In the Latin West a lack of evidence makes it impossible to conjecture the fate of ordinary soldiers wounded in the VIth and VIIth centuries, but it seems likely that only kings and aristocrats benefited from medical care in that period. In contrast, accounts attest that from the VIIth Century the wounded men of victorious armies received medical attention on the battlefield, more often by religious personnel or civilians than by surgeons. From the XIIth Century the presence of surgeons on the battlefield became more noticeable, rank-and-file soldiers fairly regularly enjoying the benefit of their care. From the XIIIth Century the presence of surgeons and doctors with armies grew more commonplace, becoming more or less the norm during the XIVth and XVth centuries. The XIIIth and XIVth centuries were characterised by the existence of formally qualified surgeons of exceptional calibre and competence, whose disappearance is related to the Church’s prohibiting the clergy coming close to any blood. In the second half of the XIVth and XVth centuries it was thus the ‘barber-surgeons’ who carried out surgery on fighting troops ; their initial ignorance gave way in time to an undeniable practical competence and to a certain degree of theoretical knowledge that could gain them the vaunted qualification of barber-surgeon.

Nell’articolo si tratta l’analisi delle tecniche murarie desunta da dati provenienti da ampi progetti di indagine archeologica svolti in ambito rurale nella Toscana occidentale dalla metà degli anni Novanta dello scorso secolo ad oggi. Nel testo si esaminano i cambiamenti dei modi di edificare a partire dall’edilizia in legno dei primi abitati di altura di VII-VIII secolo, sino agli insediamenti più strutturati di seconda metà VIII e IX secolo, caratterizzati da un primo uso della pietra e dalla presenza di maestranze specializzate. In seguito si analizza la più complessa organizzazione del cantiere propria della costruzione dei castelli di XI e XII secolo in rapporto ai poteri politici ed economici delle nascenti signorie territoriali. Un differente uso delle tecniche costruttive caratterizza la successiva formazione di nuovi borghi tra XIII e XIV secolo, spesso impiantati sui preesistenti castelli, legati ai locali organismi comunali, soggetti all’influenza politica ed economica di Pisa in questo territorio.

The memory of the martyred saints Amand, Luce, Alexandre and Audalde is attached to the Benedictine abbey of Caunes-Minervois. The first historical mention concerning these saints is to be found in the cartulary of the abbey and dates 983. A few donations are mentioned by charters in the XIth century. Then documentation is lacking until 1391, at which date abbot Jean de Castelpers places order of a new reliquary to shelter the remains of the four martyred brothers. Did the cult of the Caunes martyrs remain vivacious during the four hundred years or was it to such a point at death’s door it was felt necessary to reactivate it in 1391 ?. The examination of the few documents narrating their legend and of painted fragments inside the abbey church direct the researches on one hand towards the creation of a cult by interpolating texts in the Xth-XIth centuries, on the other hand towards a solemn elevation of the relics in the XIVth century, maybe as part of a competition between nearby abbeys.

The Political Power Impress on the Urban Landscape : Sauveterre of Bearn in the Middle Ages. Sauveterre is a city of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques, born at the XIth century on the Bearn viscouncy North-West border, in the Pyrénées West part. The conservation state of its medieval architecture provided a urban archeological study, on the city scale. The archeological survey and analysis bring out, on one side, a limited urban expansion and modest architectural dispositions, such as the group of constructions of the Pyrénées. On the other side, they bring out development modalities encouraged by the society and viscouncy implications in the urbanism, able to materialize béarnaise prosperity at the edge of this independancy, between the xnth and the XIVth century.

BOOK REVIEWS145 (the conservative/fundamentalist backlash to Modernism), the quixotic Gilbert Reid and his International Institute, and the Laymen's Inquiry and Report of 1932 (which marks the end of the coverage of the book). Lian Xi's conclusion stakes out a more ambitious claim, which cannot easily be proven: that the mission experience, especially in China, shaped the emergence of liberalism in North American theology on the home front during these decades. Here he makes some good points, such as the centrality ofmissions to Presbyterian conservatives as the focal point of their protests against liberalism, and the large number of liberal ex-missionaries who came home to teach in major seminaries . My major criticism of this work is that by ending in the early 1930's it gives the impression that the liberal/modernist impulse carried the day in missions. However, as a new work byJoel Carpenter,Revive UsAgain: The Reawakening ofAmerican Fundamentalism (Oxford, 1997), makes clear, a resurgence of conservative Christianity, including a strong thrust in foreign missions, was beginning just in these years. That impulse has been dominant inAmerican Protestant missions in the decades since; today, liberal missionaries like those described so well in this book are few, while fundamentalists on the mission field abound. Daniel H. Bays The University ofKansas Philippines The Church audits SocialInvolvement in the Philippines, 1930-1972. ByWiIfredo B. Fabros. (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 1988. Pp. xii, 202.) In the late 1970's and early 1980's,the ReverendJohn N. Schumacher, S.J.,prepared and presented an "elective" course, on the "History of the Catholic Church's Involvement in the Philippine Social Problem," at the Loyola School of Theology in the Ateneo de Manila University. Father Schumacher was committed to ensure that the up and coming clergy under his care were provided with an historical, social, and political perspective of the Church's involvement in the Philippine social problem and a scientific, historical, and analytical methodology to investigate such involvement. Some of the results of his efforts were a master's thesis on"Catholic Social Action Prior to WorldWar II" (1986) byVictor Ibabao and a doctoral thesis on "The Church and Its Social Involvement in the Philippines between 1930 and 1972" by FatherWilfredo Fabros. If anything, the publication of Father Fabros' dissertation is a testament to Father Schumacher's success in educating the young Philippine clergy to take up historical research work in the Philippines, be this at the level of the local or national church. Father Fabros' book covers the period from before World War II (the 1930's), after World War II (mid-1940's), after the Second Vatican Council (mid-1960's), 146BOOK REVIEWS up to 1972,when Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in the Philippines and began his fourteen-year, one-man rule over the Philippines. Father Fabros' description of Catholic Social Action prior to World War II (the 1930's) is sketchy. This is understandable in that he concentrates his efforts, and much of the contents of his book, on events afterWorld War II (1945- 1972). The master's thesis ofVictor Ibabao provides a more detailed account and analysis of Catholic Social Action in the Philippines prior to World War II (1930's). Father Fabros' publication provides firsthand data on events afterWorld War II. In terms of future historical work in the years covered by Father Fabros' book, i.e., 1930- 1972, there appears to be a need to undertake further historical research in the areas of the ideological, social, political, and religious linkages between Catholic Social Action in the Philippines on the one hand and Catholic Social Action in Western Europe, the United States ofAmerica, and Central and Latin America on the other hand. In the Philippines, prior to and after World War II (1930-1960), such linkages would come primarily from Western Europe and the United States of America. Prior to and after Vatican Council II (1960-1972), such linkages would come primarily from Central and Latin America. Victor B. Ibabao Washington, DC. ...

Since the late 1970s the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the integration of traditional medicine’ practitioners into primary health care systems in Africa and elsewhere. Numerous studies have examined the integration efforts that followed this recommendation, and by the 1980s, it had become evident that integration faced significant challenges. Besides using oral data gathered from more than twenty indigenous medical practitioners over an extended period and a limited amount of secondary source materials, this historically-informed and analytical study looks at the pluralistic Ethiopia’s medical landscape staring from the early 20th century, when Menilik II made a modest attempt to utilize indigenous therapeutics alongside modern western medical services, to the 1990s, focusing in particular on the efforts made and the major challenges that obstructed cooperation and/or collaboration, let alone integration, between indigenous and western allopathic medicines. Despite the absence of archival materials in the dossiers of government offices and the existence of a handful of workshop proceedings and ethnological/ anthropological studies on the alleged importance of integration, no historical study has been conducted to look into the underlying reasons why the insurmountable challenges facing integration was not given due consideration in the social/medical history of Ethiopia. This historical research work tries to answer why integration attempts had been sidelined or totally abandoned. Finally, some important remarks are proposed on how to approach and tackle this vital, largely neglected and hitherto unsettled historical question.

The Ancestors of Inhalational Anesthesia: The Soporific Sponges (XIth–XVIIth Centuries)

In the article, an attempt is made to present the monastic colony on the Shumen Plateau in relation to the important cultural and historical processes during the time of the First and Second Bulgarian Kingdoms – the conversion to Christianity, the development of monasticism, the introduction and confirmation of hesychasm. The remains of the churches discovered at the foot of the slopes belong to the period of the conversion of Bulgaria and the confirmation of the new faith in the second half of the 9th century and the beginning of the 10th century: the church of the monastery "Holy Trinity" in Troishki Slope; the church "Holy Virgin" on the south-eastern slope below the Shumen castle; the church, northwest of the village Novosel. In the 12th – 14th centuries, with the growth of Christian cult complexes, the overall model in the construction of the hermit colony on the Shumen plateau stands out – on the one hand, the preservation of a central church at the foot of the slopes of the plateau, and on the other, the formation of rock hermitages ("Monastery" and "Momina skala" in the Troishki Slope, "The Cell" and "Kaluger Cave" in the Khankrumovsky Slope) and of whole rock monastery complexes ("Kostadinov Monastery" in the Osmarsky Slope, the monastery near the Strazhka River). The overall architecture and functionality of the rooms of the sketes in Troishki and Osmarski Slopes reveal an idiorhythmic way of organization, which later, after the central churches at the foot of the slopes gradually lost their function (or were destroyed), was restructured and monastic complexes were formed with kinovial organization. The rock monasteries on the Shumen Plateau gradually reached their spiritual and cultural heyday with the entry and consolidation of hesychasm in the XIII – XIV centuries.

This article presents the development of the crafts of spinning and weaving through various aspects, from the domestic space to their role in exchange. The study presents the ideological interpretations towards the mentioned activities in the context of the economic development in the period of the XII – XIV centuries. The topic examines the practice of spinning and weaving from the space of the home dominated by women and their role in the economy, through the symbolism of spinning as an expression of spiritual refinement and an allegory of divine creation, to the real economic setting and the realization of the production of spinning and weaving in exchange. Through comparative analysis and analogical examples with information from Byzantine and Serbian texts, combined with a review of the archaeological findings, frescoes and miniatures, the main conclusions and implications on the topic are drawn. On the one hand, spinning is seen as a metaphor for the continuous pursuit of spiritual perfection and perseverance in prayer. It is seen as an allegory for divine creation. Frescoes and miniatures from Bulgarian monuments reveal the symbolism of spinning and weaving. As for the actual discourse on the subject, the evidence suggests that spinning and weaving in Bulgarian lands found a place in regional trade. Moreover, as an professional category of the population, craftsmen were predominantly male, while women played a secondary role. They took care of making clothing for family members and practiced spinning and weaving mainly at home. In the everyday rhythm of the medieval Bulgarian, religious and moral norms, moral postulates, determining the collective mentality and influencing the everyday life of the population, syncretize. Among all this stands the economic development, characterized by its intensity in the period of the XIII–XIV centuries. Handicrafts related to the production of fabrics, cloth, and clothing had a greater share in regional trade than in international trade. These activities continued to exist in the domestic space during the Ottoman period. And even to this day, crossing the threshold of the temple.

Fame or fama in the Criminal Secular Law of the XIIIth and XIVth centuries. - In this paper our purpose is to give the jurist's opinion on the notion of fama in the criminal secular law of the Middle Ages, and particularly in the criminal proceedings of the XIIIth and XlVth centuries. In this period of evolving judiciary procedures the French term « renommée » or the Latin one « fama » encompassed two very similar ideas : First, the idea of rumour as a starting point for a prosecution. In the accusatory as well as in the inquisitory proceedings, when it was known that a felony had been committed, the judge could interpose, even though his action remained very limited in the accusatory proceeding. Then, the idea of reputation, that is to say the general feeling about the accused, the victim, or both, or even the witnesses. Thus, in both proceedings, the fama as public opinion about a person was considered in every phase of the process even until granting. Furthermore, the good or bad reputation of the parties was very often the key to the case. As a result of our study it appears that the concept of fama was very frequently used in criminal law. This may be explained by two factors : the growing interest of a more inter dependant society on the one hand, a means of compensation for the relative weakness of criminal justice on the other.

Through the analysis of literature and literature communication mode, the construction and use of database under the background of big data, the meaning of data intelligence and the construction of historical literature model, this paper expounds that big data and the data intelligence developed on the basis of it have a great promotion effect on the historical research work. Using literature research method, concept analysis method, comparative research method and so on, this paper probes into the way to construct the historical document model under the data intelligent visual fault. Data intelligence emergence enables a historical document to break away from its own single individual, to break the time and space constraints, to connect with similar or similar documents, and then to integrate multiple and dispersed textual information. In particular, data intelligence, through the ability of data acquisition and calculation, can actively screen and compare abstract information in heterogeneous data according to internal logic, can reconstruct the historical original appearance, and can make it be a widely used knowledge, and then can provide research hypothesis and prediction model for research work. This artificial intelligence technology which highlights the subjectivity of literature is marked by deep learning, and further deepens the study of big data.

This chapter aims at reporting on the current results of our research and, at the same time, providing some thoughts on retrospective activities and prospects of Central Eurasian studies in Japan. Furthermore, due to the character of the research activities carried out by the IAS Centre at the University of Tokyo (TIAS) and research interests of the author, it is historical research work that is mainly dealt with in this chapter.

This article traces the events taking place in the field of design education related to the emergence of VNIITE (All-Union Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics) during the Khrushchev thaw in the early 60s of the twentieth century. The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of VNIITE on the formation and development of domestic design education in the system of higher professional education in terms of training designers, which is undoubtedly relevant to the current reform of higher education. In the process of writing this study, the author used the following scientific methods: systematic analysis of official documents, in particular official educational documents, analysis of historical documents during the Khrushchev thaw, synthesis of theoretical and practical works of designers of the 60-70 years of the last century. The researcher set a goal to see the reasons for the origin and subsequent implementation of educational programs for training designers in order to analyze the current situation of reforming higher education. The result of the work is an exhaustive analysis of the work of VNIITE in the period under study, with the possible inclusion in the content of today's education in terms of training professional designers, the main ideas of the work of this unique institution. In the author's opinion, rethinking the rich experience of the All-Union Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics will help today's researchers to see more clearly the prospects for the development of design education in the post-industrial period of modernity. Further, the author will continue his historical research work concerning the formation and development of domestic design education up to the present time. The article may be of interest to all those who are interested in the history of the emergence and development of design education in Russia.

The article is devoted to the systematization and analysis of materials related to the mentions and localization of a number of churches in one of the suburbs of Przemysl called Zasanie (Zasiannia). The coordination of archaeological, cartographic and written data made it possible to more accurately determine the location and chronology of the occurrence of some objects that may date back to the Old Rus` time. Based on the chosen method of comparative analysis of written, cartographic and archaeological data, an attempt was made to territorially and chronologically locate the churches of the Eastern Rite of the Zasanie district in Przemyśl, which are mentioned in a number of historical sources. In this context, the problems of the topic are outlined, which is the lack of critical generalization of written and descriptive materials, the lack of traceability of the connection of archaeological material X - XIV centuries with the further nature of the place existence.
 The connection of the archeological layer of the Rurik period at 7 Krasinskego Street with the Church of the Mother of God (Cathedral of the Virgin and the Escape of the Virgin to Egypt) at the beginning of the same street is traced, the exact location of which is shown in the figure. It has been determined that it probably existed under a different dedication (the Nativity of Christ) from the time of the ancient Rus` princes, as archival materials mention the privileges granted to the church in the 14th and 15th centuries. In later publications relating to its dismantling, it is referred to as the Epiphany.
 For the first time, on the basis of a combination of written and cartographic materials, the location of the Church of the Savior (Spas) in the area of Kazanow on Zasanie was localized. The possible presence of a temple here, the tradition of which dates back to ancient times, is confirmed by the presence of cemeteries of the time, which were discovered as a result of archaeological excavations.
 An attempt was made to connect the deaf hints of the existence of the church with the dedication of St. Trinity with archaeological material found on the street. Grunwaldska 107. It is established that the available data are currently insufficient, not only for the exact, but also the approximate chronological and territorial location of the building.

The urban configuration of Rome in the low Middle Ages, that is of the city that accompanied the formation and economic and political growth of the commonality, took shape in a phase of economic development that began in the twelfth century and continued throughout the following. In economic terms, one of the aspects closely related to the use of urban spaces is the relationship between such spaces and the market for land and the edifices erected thereupon. Between the end of the XIV century and the beginning of the XVI, the number of residents nearly trebled and «what’s more, this growth was very peculiar, in the sense that the increasing number of well-to-do immigrants and foreign papal courtiers boosted demand for fine goods» . Thus, also the most important of the pope’s bankers took advantage of their position to engage heavily in trade, a function that Florentine bankers had begun to fulfill since the latter part of the XIV century. This financial and trade pattern was not linked to Rome as a city but as seat of the papal court. In fact, when this moved from the city, the merchant bankers followed it, weaving a web of international relationships along the way. For this reason they were called Romanam Curiam sequentes (followers of the Roman curia). The effort of the central government was part of a much broader process. In fact, the popes were committed to changing their dominions to a modern state.