KYIV FORTRESS - A NEW LIFE IN THE EMBRACE OF KYIV

The article deals with the history of the Museum (Stock) of Architecture (a department of Ancient Ukrainian Construction Technologies) of the State Historical and Cultural Preserve «All-Ukrainian Museum Town», which existed on the territory of the nationalized Kyiv-Pechersk monastery since 1926. The idea of creating an architectural department of the Lavra Museum probably appeared in the first half of the 1920s. Since 1926, Ipolyt Morhilevskyi, an art and architectural historian, was heading the Museum of Architecture. In the late 1920s, the Museum of Architecture received separate premises (the building № 30). At the end of 1929, Stefan Taranushenko outlined in a position paper the basic principles of the Ukrainian Architectural Museum, which had to cover all phenomena of the architectural process in Ukraine from ancient times to the present day. It was suggested to display «architecture in originals» (monuments and fragments), drawings, models, documents, photographs, movies, diagrams, drafts, maps, etc. In the early 1930s, the materials of Prof. Ipolyt Morhilevskyi’s and Prof. Stefan Taranushenko’s research expeditions on masonry and wooden monumental architecture in Ukraine were an important part of the museum collection. A series of photos and entries in inventory allow reconstruction and visualization of information about the Museum of Architecture. There were installed horizontal flat showcases in the museum exhibition hall, and boards with photographs and drawings were mounted over them. There were illustrative materials hanging on the walls, in particular samples of home paintings, decorative paintings of churches and synagogues, photos of interiors and exteriors, dimensional drawings, and plans of different types of buildings. The Museum of Architecture did not exist for a long time, primarily because of the changes in the structure and activity of the All‑Ukrainian Museum Town, caused by the aggressive Sovietization and ideologizing of museum work in the early 1930s. The exposition of the Museum (Stock) of Architecture of the All-Ukrainian Museum Town was dismantled no later than 1934. Key words: history of museums, museum iconography, Museum of Architecture, All‑Ukrainian Museum Town, Kyiv, UkrSSR, 1920–1930s

Recommandations pour la pratique clinique

Museum visitors and non-visitors in Germany: A representative survey

In this article, environmental and climate practices in science and natural history museums in Türkiye are presented and discussed. While environmental and climate problems are global issues, they have local roots. As environmental issues are related to human activities and museums play a societal role, it is important to examine practices and approaches of museums in relation to the environment. Operations and practices of natural history and science museums in Türkiye, including educational activities, are important elements in communicating the risks of vulnerable environmental issue. This study outlines the environmental practices of the science and natural history museums of Türkiye which are commonly accepted as reliable providers of information to engage with audiences for action towards environmental challenges. Documentary research was conducted for the study. When the environmental practices and approaches are reviewed, it is seen that natural history museums function basically as research areas. Still, they have public education roles and organize educational activities about natural history, biodiversity and environment. While public education is one of the roles of natural history museums besides their conventional functions like collecting, conserving, researching and exhibiting, science centers are institutions dedicated to public education. Since science centers are mostly supported by municipalities, it can be said that they operate in a more sustainable and holistic way. Also, it is seen that their environmental reach-out programs offer a wider range. Based on data, we claim that collaboration with municipalities has an effect on the environmental activities and perspectives of museums. Also, climate-context works encourage museum community to make interdisciplinary works across the world. By presenting the current environmental and climate practices in natural history and science museums in Türkiye, it is aimed that the article can provide collaboration among institutions and advance the discussions among museums in the context of environment and climate.

This study aims to investigate visitor perception on the interactive digital exhibits (IDE) for learning cultural heritage and history. It further identifies possible ways IDE may help in order to improve visitor learning experience during their visit to historical and cultural heritage institutions. Four related institutions were selected in this study: Taman Tamadun Islam (TTI) and Architectural Museum Malaysia (AMM) which display architectural wonders of past civilizations by means of large replicas; as well as National Museum (NM) and Museum of History and Ethnography (MHE) which are dedicated to safeguarding and preserving the national heritage and history. TTI and NM have adequate general information technology infrastructure and digital exhibits are installed in their exhibition halls. AMM and MHE have less digital exhibits and most exhibits consist of a mixture of posters, artefacts, and replica. During this study, a survey was conducted by means of interview with 311 respondents who are also visitors to these four institutions. The findings of this study suggest most visitors perceived the use of IDE in general will allow easy access to information on national history and cultural heritage. They recommended IDE to be used as interpretation methods in order to make national history and cultural heritage more attractive. Interestingly, when it comes to available exhibition techniques, visitors vary their preferences on IDE over traditional means of exhibits according to the nature of these institutions. These findings reflect that museum visitors welcome the use of IDE and nevertheless appreciate the aesthetic values of real artefacts.

As John MacKenzie highlighted in Museums and Empire, the architecture of the museum ‘came to evoke civic, colonial, national and imperial power’ and made ‘statements about the “progress” exhibited in the colony in relation to the rest of the world’. He noted the great significance of colonial museum buildings but recognised that this highly important aspect was beyond the scope of that particular study. While there have been notable contributions to scholarship on museum buildings and the architecture of the British Empire, there has yet to be a serious investigation into the architecture of the colonial museum. This chapter will redress this imbalance in the literature through a survey of museum architecture in the colonial world in the nineteenth century followed by examination of the museums built in Nairobi, Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam between 1919 and 1939. These East African museums represent a particular phase in the history of museums in the British Empire. Established relatively late in the imperial era, they provide revealing and diverse examples of the meaning and expected benefits of such institutions as well as the influence of museums previously constructed in the empire. The contrasting style of these three museums demonstrates the range of local and imperial architectural influence: the domed monumental edifice of the Peace Memorial Museum in Zanzibar, the austere neo-classicism of the Coryndon Memorial Museum in Nairobi, and the relatively plain King George V Memorial Museum ornamented only with a tiled Moorish arched doorway. Their names also reveal a critical element in the realisation of museum building projects – that memorialisation offered an opportunity to call upon local populations to subscribe and provide funds. Comparing the histories of their construction allows us to explore the confluence of various competing forces in the colonial arena, from the ideological to the pragmatic. Factors as varied as the perceived suitability of particular architectural styles to the type of colony and its population, the availability of funds, the specific needs of a museum building and local environmental conditions all informed the final designs. The form of the Peace Memorial Museum and the King George V Memorial Museum, both of which incorporate elements of Eastern architecture, provide the opportunity to examine how far the trends identified by MacKenzie in Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts in relation to the influence of Orientalist architecture in Britain played out in the colonial world. This paper will analyse these buildings within their local, regional and global context to investigate the diverse influences of British officials, architects, museum progenitors and local populations on these projections of empire in twentieth-century East Africa.

Gordon John Howes 1938-2013 (Fish Systematist)

Monumental and museum work in Ukraine in 1960-1970's of XX century. characterized by a wave of mass interest in Ukrainian culture and the spread of the progressive idea of creating ethnographic museums of a new type – open-air museums, commonly called scans. The first such museum in Ukraine was the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life in the Middle Dnieper region in Pereyasla, Kyiv region, which is one of the richest treasures of original folk architecture and life of the inhabitants of the Dnieper villages of the 19 th – beginning оf the 20 th. The museum is a part of National historical and ethnographic reserve «Pereyaslav». This project had no precedents in Ukraine, so the path to the realization of this idea was difficult and long. Foreign experience in creating open-air ethnographic exhibitions was especially useful, as the museum practice of Ukraine still lacked theoretical knowledge, polished methodology, clear principles of museum studies, international standards, and good work experience. The approaches of Pereyaslav museums to this new, methodically and practically not developed business, were creative and original. The experience of its founders was useful for creating other museums of folk architecture and life in Ukraine. The article examines the history of the Pereyaslav scansen. Different conceptual approaches of its founders are analyzed. The proposed article deals, first of all, with the scientific controversy between the director of the Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky State Historical Museum M.I. Sikorsky and public figure E.F. Ishchenko regarding the definition of the type of museum, its name, thematic structure, exposition content, landscaping and other issues. Scientific discourse also had its positive sides. The controversy that arose between the founders allowed both sides to consider true, logical ideas in the theory of each of them. Scientific discourse also had its positive sides. The controversy that arose between the founders allowed both sides to consider true, logical ideas in the theory of each of them.

Historical cultural heritage sites are valuable for all of mankind, as they reflect the material and spiritual wealth of by nations, countries, or specific groups during the development of human civilization. The types and functions of microorganisms that form biofilms on the surfaces of architectural heritage sites influence measures to preserve and protect these sites. These microorganisms contribute to the biocorrosion of architectural heritage structures through the cycling of chemical elements. The ancient city wall of Shou County is a famous architectural and cultural heritage site from China’s Song Dynasty, and the protection and study of this site have substantial historical and cultural significance. In this study, we used metagenomics to study the microbial diversity and taxonomic composition of the Song Dynasty city wall in Shou County, a tangible example of Chinese cultural heritage. The study covered three main topics: (1) examining the distribution of bacteria in the biofilm on the surfaces of the Song Dynasty city wall in Shou County; (2) predicting the influence of bacteria involved in the C, N, and S cycles on the corrosion of the city wall via functional gene analysis; and (3) discussing cultural heritage site protection measures for biocorrosion-related bacteria to investigate the impact of biocorrosion on the Song Dynasty city wall in Shou County, a tangible example of Chinese cultural heritage. The study revealed that (1) the biofilm bacteria mainly belonged to Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, which accounted for more than 70% of the total bacteria in the biofilms. The proportion of fungi in the microbial community of the well-preserved city wall was greater than that in the damaged city wall. The proportion of archaea was low—less than 1%. (2) According to the Shannon diversity index, the well-preserved portion of the ancient city wall had the highest diversity of bacteria, fungi, and archaea, and bacterial diversity on the good city wall was greater than that on the corroded city wall. (3) Bray–Curtis distances revealed that the genomes of the two good city walls were similar and that the genomes of the corroded city wall portions were similar. Researchers also detected human intestine-related bacteria in four locations on the city walls, with the proportion of these bacteria in the microbial community being greater on good city walls than on bad city walls. (4) KEGG functional analysis revealed that the energy metabolism and inorganic ion transport activities of the bacterial community on the corroded city wall were greater than those of the good city wall. (5) In the carbon cycle, the absence of active glycolysis, the ED pathway, and the TCA cycle played significant roles in the collapse of the east city wall. (6) The nitrogen cycling processes involved ammonia oxidation and nitrite reduction to nitrate. (7) In the sulfur cycle, researchers discovered a crucial differential functional gene, SoxY, which facilitates the conversion of thiosulfate to sulfate. This study suggests that, in the future, biological approaches can be used to help cultural heritage site protectors achieve targeted and precise protection of cultural relics through the use of microbial growth inhibition technology. The results of this study serve as a guide for the protection of cultural heritage sites in other parts of China and provide a useful supplement to research on the protection of world cultural heritage or architectural heritage sites.

The aim of the paper - to investigate the structure, content and composition of the personal archival fond M. I. Zham (1931-2002) - the first head of the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of the Middle Dnieper region in Pereyaslav, Kyiv region, which is stored in the fonds of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve "Pereyaslav" and the daughter of O. M. Zham, to cover the history of receipt, to reveal the principles and features of systematization of archive materials. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, systematization. Historical-comparative, chronological and statistical methods of structural analysis were used, the use of which allowed to systematize source information, determine the species composition of archive materials, their information potential, as well as establish links between individual documents included in the complex, restore the integrity of individual documents and their parts. Scientific novelty. The outlined scientific problem arises for the first time. The study involves the introduction into scientific circulation of manuscripts, documents, photographs that contain information about the formation and development of the Pereyaslav open-air museum in the 60-80's of the 20th century. The research allowed to highlight the peculiarities of the composition of this personal archive, to highlight little-known aspects in the functioning of the open-air museum, which supplemented the scientific achievements of the problem with new archival materials. Conclusions. Elaboration of personal archival fund M. I. Zham allowed to analyze the composition and content of materials related to the creation and operation of the Pereyaslav open-air museum. The main structural groups of documents are highlighted. It was found out that the main activities of the museum, which were reflected in the materials of the archive, were expeditionary, monument protection, exposition. Information contained in the personal archive of M. I. Zham, is important for deepening further research into the history of the Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of the Middle Dnieper.

У статті здійснено аналіз публікацій, оприлюднених на шпальтах рубрики «Люби і знай рідний край» Переяслав-Хмельницької газети «Комуністична праця» (з 1991 р. – «Вісник Переяславщини»), присвячених історії створення та діяльності Музею народної архітектури та побуту Середньої Наддніпрянщини (м. Переяслав Київської області). Зазначена рубрика була започаткована М. Палагутою у 1975 р. й проіснувала до 2001 р. Вона включала підрубрики: «Наші земляки», «Люди землі Переяславської», «Відомі імена Переяслава», «Музейні будні», «Музеї Переяслава», «Історія сіл району», «Цікаві знахідки», «Нові експонати», «Розповідають експонати», «Гості міста», «З історії міста», «Цікаві події», «З літопису всенародного подвигу», «Краєзнавча робота». Активними дописувачами рубрики були наукові працівники Переяслав-Хмельницького державного історико-культурного заповідника: М. Палагута, М. Жам, Г. Козій (Слюсар), Л. Годліна, О. Коломієць, О. Юзвікова, Є. Нестеровська, Л. Набок та інші. Предметом пильного студіювання авторів рубрики стала історія становлення й розвитку Музею народної архітектури та побуту Середньої Наддніпрянщини. Зокрема, приділена увага етнографічним експедиціям, пошуку та музеєфікації пам’яток, новим музейним експозиціям, цікавим експонатам, формуванню етнографічних колекцій, ювілярам, фольклорно-етнографічним масовим заходам та іншим здобуткам у розбудові Переяславського скансену. Аналіз публікацій показав, що більшість із них мають інформативний характер, розкривають зміст і особливості наукової, експедиційної, експозиційної, виставкової діяльності музею. Комплексне вивчення й уведення до наукового обігу публікацій рубрики може стати суттєвим доповненням джерельної бази у вивченні становлення й розвитку Музею народної архітектури та побуту Середньої Наддніпрянщини. В окремих випадках до розгляду залучаються публікації поза рубрикою для кращого розуміння зв’язків між дeякими темами.

Prof. Arthur Looss (1861-1923) was a prolific German parasitologist, who, among other things, authored descriptions of 22 new species of nematodes and 115 new species of trematodes. After his death, his collection (including type material) was split between several institutions: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington (USA), Natural History Museum in Berlin and the Natural History Museum in Leipzig (Germany), Gothenburg Museum of Natural History and Swedish Museum of Natural History (Sweden). Here we revise all type specimens of nematodes from the A. Looss collection that are currently preserved in the Swedish Museum of Natural History (Strongylus subtilis, Sclerostomum edentatum, S. vulgare, Cyathostomum labratum, C. coronatum, C. bicoronatum, C. calicatum, C. alveatum, C. catinatum, C. nassatum, C. radiatum, C. elongatum, C. auriculatum, Triodontus minor, T. serratus, C. labiatum and Uncinaria polaris), designate and describe lectotypes wherever deemed necessary and provide catalogue access numbers to all type materials. We also revise all notes and drawings associated with new species that A. Looss described and provide previously unpublished pencilled sketches and ink print-ready drawings of some of these species (Strongylus subtilis, Cyathostomum poculatum, C. radiatum, C. elongatum, C. calicatum, C. auriculatum, Triodontus serratus, Trichostrongylus vitrinus and possibly Necator africanus).

The peregrination of Alcide d’Orbigny's Foraminifera Collection at the Museum of Natural History, Paris: From the creation of a Palaeontology chair to the advent of Micropalaeontology

ABSTRACTNatural history museums function as pedagogical showrooms for science. They operate within the contemporary framework of the biological sciences—presented as secular, value‐free, and devoid of social influence. However, I argue the practice of preserving and displaying bodies carries not only an epistemological lineage but also an ontological one. In this paper, I consider the function of preserved bodies in both Catholicism and natural history museums, exploring correlations in their respective developments, methods of collection, documentation, and presentation, as well as the contexts of relationality between human people and nonhuman dead bodies. Through this examination, I argue that, much like the fragmentary remains of saints, these reconstructed nonhuman bodies manifest a new kind of relic, weaving together the past and present through their own special powers of resurrection, reconstitution, and miraculous healing through the engagement with materiality.

1. Time Line In 2011: The Agency for Cultural Affairs launched the "Committee for Salvaging Cultural Properties Affected by the 2011 Earthquake off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku and Related Disasters," which included the National Museum of Nature and Science and the National Council of Science Museums as members, but not a scientist team. The committee's activities started focusing on cultural heritage under the "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties." This Japanese law covers a limited range of cultural heritage, such as artworks and historic properties, but not scientific collections. Conservation of museum collections is clearly stated in the "Museum Act," but there is no emergency response system. NMNS could not react with agility to the disaster at this time. The West Japan Natural History Museum Network (WJNHMN), which is located in Osaka, far from the disaster area, started to seek its own rescue and salvage activities with the Iwate Prefectural Museum, which is located inland of Iwate prefecture and a safe location from tsunamis (Tokyo and Tsukuba also had some damage, especially early on). Iwate Prefectural Museum was also slightly damaged, and suffered from an electric outage and gas shortage. The museum served as a regional rescue center for damaged museums in coastal areas. Salvage activities were started mainly based on personal networks and voluntary activities by many museum workers throughout Japan. Soon after, WJNHMN began collaborating with the Committee, exchanging both information and techniques for stabilisation and restoration of natural history materials. In 2014: After the major stabilization process had ceased, the Committee was reformed as the "Cultural Heritage Disaster Risk Management Network Promotion Council" and their membership expanded to encompass the conservation of a wider range of cultural and natural heritage properties from disasters. WJNHMN and The Japanese Council of University Museums joined as formal members. The Council is made up of professional organizations in various fields and cooperates in gathering information and providing joint rescue activities. In 2016: The earthquake in Kumamoto prefecture damaged the Kumamoto City Museum (2017), Aso Volcano Museum and several other small museums. At first, local government lacked information about natural history collections, but it turned out that most were safe. In 2020: The Council developed "Disaster Response Guidelines" to expand conservation targets, to aid local government officials. In the guideline, natural history collections are clearly defined as their conservation target. The Cultural Heritage Disaster Risk Management Center, Japan was established to serve as the Council's headquarters. In 2021: During the flooding of the Kuma-River in Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto, 32,000 herbarium sheets were soaked by muddy water at the Hitoyoshi Castle History Museum. At the direction of the Council, the National Museum of Nature and Science, and WJNHMN coordinated and distributed the specimens to 35 institutions across the country within a month (Ebihara and Sakuma 2024). In 2024: Initially after the earthquake of Noto-Peninsula, there was no news of damage to natural history collections. However, six months later, one of the local museums had to move its collection to another place. 2. Current challenges and targets The Council improved the disaster response step by step. We have identified some challenges for further improvement of disaster preparedness of Japanese natural history collections and museums. Preparation for initial activities. Some academic societies had discussed the guidelines for emergency financial support to react to disasters. In the case of rescue works of 2011, there were no supporting funds for natural history, which relied entirely on the voluntary initiatives of institutes, museums and individuals. We obtained support from private funds after the flooding of 2021. With the activities of the reformed Council, information about the damaged museums and properties were communicated soon after the disasters, among those in the organization, which was a much improved response compared to the 2011 earthquake (Sakuma 2017). Materials reserved for specimen rescue (e.g., cardboard boxes, freezer bags, oxygen absorber, ethanol) and advanced funding, are key to a more rapid initial response and for better conservation. Storage deficit. Many specimens are stored in unstable conditions in many museums, with poor documentation and inventory, which makes it difficult to salvage and rescue items once disaster happens. Lack of understanding of the value of natural history collections by local governments, administrative personnel, and local cultural property personnel delays time-sensitive responses to disasters in both in the damaged area, as well as in the area where rescue and salvage teams are dispatched. This understanding needs to be developed before the disaster, at both the administrative level and by citizens. Support for the restoration process. After a disaster, there are some issues related to the re-building of museums and resumption of their activities, which are difficult, even though specimens are undamaged. This is especially difficult if there is no museum curator to support these activities. In the case of the Rikuzentakata City Museum, many supporters and museums provided assistance during its reopening process. Preparation for initial activities. Some academic societies had discussed the guidelines for emergency financial support to react to disasters. In the case of rescue works of 2011, there were no supporting funds for natural history, which relied entirely on the voluntary initiatives of institutes, museums and individuals. We obtained support from private funds after the flooding of 2021. With the activities of the reformed Council, information about the damaged museums and properties were communicated soon after the disasters, among those in the organization, which was a much improved response compared to the 2011 earthquake (Sakuma 2017). Materials reserved for specimen rescue (e.g., cardboard boxes, freezer bags, oxygen absorber, ethanol) and advanced funding, are key to a more rapid initial response and for better conservation. Storage deficit. Many specimens are stored in unstable conditions in many museums, with poor documentation and inventory, which makes it difficult to salvage and rescue items once disaster happens. Lack of understanding of the value of natural history collections by local governments, administrative personnel, and local cultural property personnel delays time-sensitive responses to disasters in both in the damaged area, as well as in the area where rescue and salvage teams are dispatched. This understanding needs to be developed before the disaster, at both the administrative level and by citizens. Support for the restoration process. After a disaster, there are some issues related to the re-building of museums and resumption of their activities, which are difficult, even though specimens are undamaged. This is especially difficult if there is no museum curator to support these activities. In the case of the Rikuzentakata City Museum, many supporters and museums provided assistance during its reopening process.