Abstract
Ideological and partisan fissures increasingly divide the United States into opposing factions. This article discusses a theoretical framework for research on knowledge and belief gaps in order to better understand increasing gulfs between conservatives and liberals. The perspective develops from “knowledge gap” research (Tichenor, Donohue, & Olien, 1970), a “belief-knowledge gap” hypothesis (Gaziano & Gaziano, 1999, 2009), and Hindman’s “belief gap” research (2009, 2012). Hindman distinguished between knowledge as empirically observed by scientists and beliefs or views accepted without an empirical foundation, frequently based on religious faith. He, like Gaziano and Gaziano, considered knowledge to be socially constructed. The Gaziano and Gaziano perspective treats knowledge as a form of belief and ideology as a multifaceted concept, maintaining that social and political groups differ in personality, values, moral foundations, attitudes, reasoning styles, conceptions of power relations, and even neurological and genetic make-up. This helps to explain why conservatives and liberals can appear to be two cultures. Their level of analysis is collective, rather than individual, a main tenet is that beliefs are knowledge, and the unit of analysis is “belief-knowledge” differences between ideological segments of social subsystems. This perspective advocates approaching ideology from a viewpoint of understanding differences. One can begin to frame solutions to ideological conflicts by accepting the other side as valid, by trying to understand the differences, and by appealing to the other cultural groups’ values, conceptual systems, mores, and social life. An important question is how the interests and beliefs of conservatives and liberals, as well as moderates, can be addressed to improve social and political system functioning instead of driving them further apart. The article proposes hypotheses and research questions for future research.
Highlights
Both political elites and the public have become more polarized along ideological and partisan lines in the United States since the 1970s (Abramowitz & Saunders, 2005; Layman, Carsey, & Horowitz, 2006; McCarty, Poole, & Rosenthal, 2006; Shapiro & Bloch-Elkon, 2008; Treier and Hillygus, 2009). Some see this phenomenon as developing from a sorting process whereby conservatives increasingly identify as Republicans and liberals increasingly identify as Democrats (Levendusky, 2009)
Certain variables work together to define publics that are characterized by higher education, tendencies toward liberalism and Democratic partisanship, and lower religiosity, and others that are characterized by higher religiosity, greater conservatism, and greater Republican partisanship
Scientists and others who believe in the scientific method have one way of testing knowledge in the hope of approaching truth, and some other social segments rely on other methods, such as religious faith
Summary
Ideological and partisan fissures increasingly divide the United States into opposing factions. The Gaziano and Gaziano perspective treats knowledge as a form of belief and ideology as a multifaceted concept, maintaining that social and political groups differ in personality, values, moral foundations, attitudes, reasoning styles, conceptions of power relations, and even neurological and genetic make-up. This helps to explain why conservatives and liberals can appear to be two cultures. Their level of analysis is collective, rather than individual, a main tenet is that beliefs are knowledge, and the unit of analysis is “belief-knowledge” differences between ideological segments of social subsystems.
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